Tobacco control Fiji CRC Education and information Tobacco use
52. The Committee recommends that the State party address the incidence of drug use by Children and/or adolescents by, inter alia, providing Children and/or adolescents with accurate and objective information and life skills education on preventing substance abuse, including tobacco and alcohol, and develop accessible and youth-friendly drug dependence treatment and harm reduction services....
52. The Committee recommends that the State party address the incidence of drug use by Children and/or adolescents by, inter alia, providing Children and/or adolescents with accurate and objective information and life skills education on preventing substance abuse, including tobacco and alcohol, and develop accessible and youth-friendly drug dependence treatment and harm reduction services.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined second to fourth periodic reports of Fiji, CRC/C/FJI/CO/2-4, (2014). Par. 52. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsrNzM80%2BWVc1qS1PGT2aQ8s4OyrtPCPnOId1llxlIIBcVGtzl6gCzWruv3fjj3UFvuNLk6r1hBB1pNUux%2B2EgfZPrEBRkZiBZ2Yjmq2wULo5
Food policy Fiji CEDAW Education and information Food and nutrition security
50. The Committee refers to its general recommendation No. 34 (2016) on the rights of rural women and recommends that the State party: (...) (b) Raise awareness of the low value ascribed to the work of rural women and how that is reflected in their low status in society, foster the equal sharing of family and household responsibilities between rural...
50. The Committee refers to its general recommendation No. 34 (2016) on the rights of rural women and recommends that the State party: (...) (b) Raise awareness of the low value ascribed to the work of rural women and how that is reflected in their low status in society, foster the equal sharing of family and household responsibilities between rural women and men and promote ending the prioritization of men in terms of access to food.
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of Fiji, CEDAW/C/FJI/CO/5, (2018). Par. 50 (b). Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsjuNjw8cUF3pRrdCdanf79l9YmozLGdH2T6Rp2kdRyD%2BXVo21u4hZWC2wGx3rEdH6h05kssvngQtlJ3JbeTrXXJT0hjgxzuTHtoQTOGPG9yF
Food policy Nigeria CEDAW Schools and meals programs Food and nutrition security
34. The Committee recommends that the State party: (...) (f) Ensure adequate funding, logistics and provision of food to schools under the school feeding programme and ensure the sustainability of the programme....
34. The Committee recommends that the State party: (...) (f) Ensure adequate funding, logistics and provision of food to schools under the school feeding programme and ensure the sustainability of the programme.
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Concluding observations on the combined seventh and eighth periodic reports of Nigeria, CEDAW/C/NGA/CO/7-8, (2017). Par. 34 (f). Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CEDAW%2FC%2FNGA%2FCO%2F7-8&Lang=en
Food policy South Africa CEDAW Food production Food and nutrition security Access to water
38. The Committee calls on the State party to take the necessary measures to increase and strengthen the participation of women in designing and implementing local development plans, and to pay special attention to the needs of rural women, in particular women heads of household, by ensuring that they participate in decision-making processes and have improved access to health, education,...
38. The Committee calls on the State party to take the necessary measures to increase and strengthen the participation of women in designing and implementing local development plans, and to pay special attention to the needs of rural women, in particular women heads of household, by ensuring that they participate in decision-making processes and have improved access to health, education, clean water and sanitation services, fertile land and income-generation projects. The Committee also urges the State party to eliminate all forms of discrimination with respect to ownership, co-sharing and inheritance of land. It further urges the introduction of measures to address negative customs and traditional practices, especially in rural areas, which affect full enjoyment of the right to property by women.
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, CEDAW/C/ZAF/CO/4, (2011). Par. 38. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CEDAW%2fC%2fZAF%2fCO%2f4&Lang=en
Food policy South Africa CRC Food marketing regulations Breastfeeding
53. The Committee welcomes the adoption of the Roadmap for Nutrition in South Africa 2013-2017, as well as the efforts made to facilitate breastfeeding. Nevertheless, the Committee is concerned at: (a) Child malnutrition, including undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies and overnutrition, as key contributing factors for child mortality and child morbidity; (b) Child food insecurity caused by, among other things, poverty, food...
53. The Committee welcomes the adoption of the Roadmap for Nutrition in South Africa 2013-2017, as well as the efforts made to facilitate breastfeeding. Nevertheless, the Committee is concerned at: (a) Child malnutrition, including undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies and overnutrition, as key contributing factors for child mortality and child morbidity; (b) Child food insecurity caused by, among other things, poverty, food price increases, demographic changes, energy costs and climate change; (c) The persistently low rate of exclusive breastfeeding of infants aged up to 6 months; (d) The inadequate nutritiousness of food provided in the school meal programme; (e) The increase in the prevalence of obesity among children and the aggressive marketing of unhealthy food targeting children.
54. Taking note of target 2.2 of the Sustainable Development Goals on ending all forms of malnutrition, the Committee recommends that the State party: (a) Develop and implement a framework law on the right to food, as envisaged in the National Policy on Food and Nutrition Security for the Republic of South Africa, of 2014, paying due attention to the eradication of child food insecurity and malnutrition; (b) Take all measures necessary to promote exclusive breastfeeding for at least six months, with appropriate guidance and support for breastfeeding by HIV-infected mothers, and to regulate the promotion of breast milk substitutes; (c) Strengthen the monitoring of the National School Nutrition Programme, including of the frequency, quality and nutritional value of the food supplied through the programme; (d) Regulate the marketing of unhealthy foods to children in order to address the rise in child obesity, and introduce strategies that enable poor households to access healthy food; (e) Seek technical assistance from UNICEF and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in this regard.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the second periodic report of South Africa, CRC/C/ZAF/CO/2, (2016). Par. 53 and 54. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fZAF%2fCO%2f2&Lang=en
Food policy South Africa CESCR Fiscal measures Nutritional surveillance
56. The Committee is concerned at the high incidence of food insecurity and malnutrition in the State party, particularly among children. Given the fact that, in the State party, 12 per cent of children lived in hunger in 2017 and 27 per cent of children suffered from stunting in 2016, the Committee is particularly concerned that the child support grant...
56. The Committee is concerned at the high incidence of food insecurity and malnutrition in the State party, particularly among children. Given the fact that, in the State party, 12 per cent of children lived in hunger in 2017 and 27 per cent of children suffered from stunting in 2016, the Committee is particularly concerned that the child support grant (at 400 rand per month) has been set far below the food poverty line and that an estimated 18 per cent of eligible children do not benefit from the grant, owing to a lack of documentation. It is further concerned at the lack of a framework law to ensurethe right to food (arts. 9 and 11).
57. The Committee recommends that the State party: (a) Increase the child support grant at least up to the level of the food poverty line; (b) Ensure that all eligible children benefit from the grant; (c) Expedite the adoption of the Social Assistance Amendment Bill of 2018 to increase the level of child support grants for orphaned and abandoned children living with relatives, for which it has already earmarked funds; (d) Adopt framework legislation protecting the right to adequate food and nutrition, and develop a national food and nutrition security strategy, taking into account the Voluntary Guidelines to Support the Progressive Realization of the Right to Adequate Food in the Context of National Food Security of 2004 and the Committee ’ s general comment No. 12 (1999) on the right to adequate food.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Concluding observations on the initial report of South Africa, E/C.12/ZAF/CO/1, (2018). Par. 56 and 57. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E%2fC.12%2fZAF%2fCO%2f1&Lang=en
Other Health-related issues Madagascar CESCR Food and nutrition security
28. The Committee urges the State party to adopt emergency measures to combat the persistent problem of malnutrition in prisons, including by increasing the resources allocated to food for the prisoners and providing them with access to health care. It also recommends that the State party provide information on the results achieved by the programmes carried out to improve the...
28. The Committee urges the State party to adopt emergency measures to combat the persistent problem of malnutrition in prisons, including by increasing the resources allocated to food for the prisoners and providing them with access to health care. It also recommends that the State party provide information on the results achieved by the programmes carried out to improve the food in prisons.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLES 16 AND 17 OF THE COVENANT
, E/C.12/MDG/CO/2 (2009), par. 28. Available at: http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuW2YzVRrmjV5ZGpj%2fi0fjDsq28RlGL%2b8lzd0EzdSsF7LzECdN9UD%2fx9wtF4%2bWFaCcAbPVdtUwLdhbqdf0HLWzd82BSZq%2f5XAj1eyqiSWW6%2frT
Food policy Tobacco control Other Health-related issues Madagascar CRC Industry interference
22. The Committee recommends that the State party establish and implement regulations to ensure that the business sector complies with international and domestic standards on corporate social responsibility, in line with the United Nations Business and Human Rights Framework, which outlines the duty of States to protect against human rights abuses by businesses; corporate responsibility to respect human rights; and...
22. The Committee recommends that the State party establish and implement regulations to ensure that the business sector complies with international and domestic standards on corporate social responsibility, in line with the United Nations Business and Human Rights Framework, which outlines the duty of States to protect against human rights abuses by businesses; corporate responsibility to respect human rights; and the need for more effective access to remedies when violations occur. In doing so, the Committee encourages the State party to focus on the protection of the rights of the child and to investigate and provide remedies in reported cases of abuse by corporations and their executives. The Committee encourages the State party to consider the Human Rights Council r esolution 8/7 welcoming the report identifying the ¨Protect, Respect and Remedy¨ framework and r esolution 14/7 requesting the new Working Group to follow-up on this matter , both of which note that the rights of the child be included when exploring the relationship between business and human rights.
Comittee on the Rights of the Child, Consideration of reports submitted by States partiesunder article 44 of the Convention, CRC/C/MDG/CO/3-4 (2010). Par. 22. Available at: http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2fPPRiCAqhKb7yhshb9BidIej3GNub%2bCmwkVao1Fe8UB0FQIGuNbYal5cRnKyiiULz0UK6e6IYf16reijiZLX165Qv%2fEjwnni7%2f97qiRJDnAb8qIizGYe51sEbq
Tobacco control Madagascar CRC FCTC ratification
4. The Committee also welcomes the ratification of or accession to: (i)World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, in 2004....
4. The Committee also welcomes the ratification of or accession to: (i)World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, in 2004.
Comittee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined third to fifth periodic reports of Kenya , CRC/C/MDG/CO/3-4 (2012). Par. 4 (i). Available at: http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2fPPRiCAqhKb7yhsiVXw3pS%2bUXH3S2uOz56XaHOlmQlXek9CSfHt61Gk52XYLAe1vtQx5jEtqe8Sh%2fkZmyOARonOIQzp0aD8yhV4yGRJhWSai5hxIps8r1I3Zk4
Other Health-related issues Kenya CRC Education and information
50. With reference to the Committee’s general comment No. 4 (2003) on adolescents health and development, the Committee recommends that the State party:(e) Implement education programmes and campaigns to promote healthy lifestyles and to prevent drug and substance abuse by children, monitor the use of drugs and other substances at schools with the participation of children, and develop accessible and...
50. With reference to the Committee’s general comment No. 4 (2003) on adolescents health and development, the Committee recommends that the State party:(e) Implement education programmes and campaigns to promote healthy lifestyles and to prevent drug and substance abuse by children, monitor the use of drugs and other substances at schools with the participation of children, and develop accessible and youth-friendly drug and substance dependence treatment and harm reduction services as well as life skills education.
Comittee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined third to fifth periodic reports of Kenya , CRC/C/KEN/CO/3-5 (2016). Par. 50 (e). Available at: http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2fPPRiCAqhKb7yhsiVXw3pS%2bUXH3S2uOz56XaHOlmQlXek9CSfHt61Gk52XYLAe1vtQx5jEtqe8Sh%2fkZmyOARonOIQzp0aD8yhV4yGRJhWSai5hxIps8r1I3Zk4
Food policy Tobacco control Kenya CRC Industry interference
20. With reference to the Committee’s general comment No. 16 (2013) on State obligations regarding the impact of the business sector on children’s rights, the Committee recommends that the State party: (a) Establish a clear regulatory framework for business enterprises operating in the State party to ensure that their activities do not negatively affect child rights or breach environmental, health...
20. With reference to the Committee’s general comment No. 16 (2013) on State obligations regarding the impact of the business sector on children’s rights, the Committee recommends that the State party: (a) Establish a clear regulatory framework for business enterprises operating in the State party to ensure that their activities do not negatively affect child rights or breach environmental, health or labor standards, especially those relating to children; (b) Monitor the compliance of business enterprises with such regulations, as well as with international and national environmental, health and labor standards, and sanction appropriately and provide remedies when violations occur; (c) Be guided by the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (see A/HRC/17/31, annex).
Comittee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined third to fifth periodic reports of Kenya, CRC/C/GHA/CO/2 (2022). Par. 20. Available at: http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2fPPRiCAqhKb7yhsiVXw3pS%2bUXH3S2uOz56XaHOlmQlXek9CSfHt61Gk52XYLAe1vtQx5jEtqe8Sh%2fkZmyOARonOIQzp0aD8yhV4yGRJhWSai5hxIps8r1I3Zk4
Food policy CRC Fiscal measures Access to water
50. The Committee recommends that the State party: (b) Allocate more financial resources to child health, nutrition and access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities....
50. The Committee recommends that the State party: (b) Allocate more financial resources to child health, nutrition and access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities.
Comittee on the Rights of the Child, CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIESUNDER ARTICLE 44 OF THE CONVENTION, CRC/C/GHA/CO/2 (2022). Par. 50 (b). Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsn4lEk2OyVRMkwrZhdnsnLbFIYJtHdqUaWKj%2F2S7gjt7sNWSmNDnSMighl0Nr7IxXwP0QHzcdpER%2BWx1CFmoQXvoDtsIyQRPabXDl1DqOv3w
Food policy Gambia CEDAW Food and nutrition security
38. In line with general recommendation No. 34 (2016) on the rights of rural women, the Committee recommends that the State party, in view of the importance of the agricultural sector for its economic development and food and nutrition security: (a) Ensure implementation of the gender mainstreaming component of the agriculture and natural resources policy for the period 2017–2026 by...
38. In line with general recommendation No. 34 (2016) on the rights of rural women, the Committee recommends that the State party, in view of the importance of the agricultural sector for its economic development and food and nutrition security: (a) Ensure implementation of the gender mainstreaming component of the agriculture and natural resources policy for the period 2017–2026 by conducting an evaluation of the progress achieved at its midpoint and at completion, including the responsiveness of agricultural policies, programmes and projects, such as national food security and nutritional investment programmes, to effectively address the needs of rural women;
Comittee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, Concluding observations on the sixth periodic report of the Gambia, CEDAW/C/GMB/CO/6 (2022). Par. 38 (a). Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsldCrOlUTvLRFDjh6%2Fx1pWD0uGukuof9i2kF7aKFiu%2BwjurAMFNWJhw7pu7yM5Qb8zzt60poPCEa%2FkZAZH%2BT0O33FWfcgnRioeTCxn5YqFXs
Food policy Ethiopia CEDAW Fiscal measures Food and nutrition security
37. The Committee recommends that the State party: (c) Ensure that land lease contracts with foreign companies do not result in the forced eviction and internal displacement, or the increased food insecurity and poverty, of local populations, including women and/or girls, and that such contracts stipulate that the company concerned and/or the State party must provide the affected communities, including...
37. The Committee recommends that the State party: (c) Ensure that land lease contracts with foreign companies do not result in the forced eviction and internal displacement, or the increased food insecurity and poverty, of local populations, including women and/or girls, and that such contracts stipulate that the company concerned and/or the State party must provide the affected communities, including pastoralist communities, with adequate compensation and alternative land.
Comittee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, CEDAW/C/ETH/CO/6-7 (2011). Par. 37 (c). Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhssmw5jHDQuNBd%2BTWAIG8TlEQt5YYYf78tfXw2iXh0iNUrTx5pAGRagrplgBYskOh9j1LYoCvYJVdDqI9q5oCr41tpjprhiFE12PZKlI2Fp2XD11y%2BT6gAaj0%2BnwXPimNTg%3D%3D
Food policy Ethiopia CESCR Food and nutrition security
22.The Committee notes with concern the prevalenceof chronic food insecurity and malnutrition, in particular amongst children (art.11). The Committee recommends that the State party take steps to address chronic food insecurity, chronic malnutrition and the critical nutritional needs of children. The Committee also urges the State party to ensure that the population of the Somali National Regional State of Ethiopia...
22.The Committee notes with concern the prevalenceof chronic food insecurity and malnutrition, in particular amongst children (art.11). The Committee recommends that the State party take steps to address chronic food insecurity, chronic malnutrition and the critical nutritional needs of children. The Committee also urges the State party to ensure that the population of the Somali National Regional State of Ethiopia benefits from State-run food aid and rural development plans.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under articles 16 and 17 of the Covenant, E/C.12/ETH/CO/1-3 (2012). Par. 22. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuW1wQsqGdL%2BPhjZX1KlkLgdlHfsTJ1fpoeNSx3mx%2FKXpUPKj41AiSu7iHj0P06dQgk7jvdkpmt6%2F6wDtwO7SLQ4fF4xeN0c0xB8%2BBfrHLwAX%2B
Food policy Ethiopia CEDAW Food and nutrition security
56. The Committee recommends that the State party: (b) Ensure that women in detention have adequate access to health care, nutrition and hygiene and that women and men are separated in all detention facilities....
56. The Committee recommends that the State party: (b) Ensure that women in detention have adequate access to health care, nutrition and hygiene and that women and men are separated in all detention facilities.
Comittee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, Concluding observations on the eighth periodic report of Ethiopia, CEDAW/C/ETH/CO/8 (2019). Par. 56 (b). Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhssmw5jHDQuNBd%2BTWAIG8TlGh59Z98lbtQLmKT%2BHOnJX7wjB8DWJT0P1%2FgESSszX3LSOuFePArNHHYg7dMwoeXlxFpXH670gaEKu6BDqdphm9
Food policy Djibouti CRC Food and nutrition security
30. The Committee urges the State party to continue and strengthen its efforts to address issues related to the right to life, survival and development, particularly through the application of its strategies, policies and programmes on this issue. The Committee further recommends that particular attention be given by the State party to addressing the problem of infant mortality, malnutrition and...
30. The Committee urges the State party to continue and strengthen its efforts to address issues related to the right to life, survival and development, particularly through the application of its strategies, policies and programmes on this issue. The Committee further recommends that particular attention be given by the State party to addressing the problem of infant mortality, malnutrition and the related issue of household food insecurity, as well as sanitation coverage, in both urban and rural areas.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 44 OF THE CONVENTION, CRC/C/DJI/CO/3-5 (2008). Par. 30. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhspxjJ9X0EVB84EgD1eZPwxuYrlW1TDeglWviI1TdK1RShfeOTOlDg7PrcZr29jrdBYkY8s%2B5Jrg%2Brf8gjtLDNfbINFYqkacX%2FTGXBZQYDs5t
Food policy Djibouti CRC Food and nutrition security Access to water
37. Taking note of targets 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and 2.2 of the Sustainable Development Goals, the Committee recommends that the State party: (a) Take urgent measures to prioritize children who suffer from severe acute malnutrition and provide them with the necessary treatment and nutrition; (b) Regularly monitor and assess the effectiveness of policies and programmes on security and nutrition among...
37. Taking note of targets 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and 2.2 of the Sustainable Development Goals, the Committee recommends that the State party: (a) Take urgent measures to prioritize children who suffer from severe acute malnutrition and provide them with the necessary treatment and nutrition; (b) Regularly monitor and assess the effectiveness of policies and programmes on security and nutrition among children; (c) Intensify efforts to prioritize access to clean drinking water, sanitation and shelter, as well as access to, and the availability and affordability of, food, in particular for rural populations, and consider asking UNICEF, WHO and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, among others, for assistance to address those issues...
Committee on the Rights of the Child, CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 44 OF THE CONVENTION, CRC/C/DJI/CO/3-5 (2022). Par. 37 (a), (b) and (c). Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsp32e83GEI8msE8Qd28gyVFXHudDolXbMfjgDXDxozhp6tZWDHcXu%2BMQ%2BU1f8odUchmIzNDZzrZr3obaP0OeyCg6MI6TbKGBccUw%2BsqOoGj0
Food policy Chad CRC Food and nutrition security
38. The Committee urges the State party to continue and strengthen its efforts to address issues related to the right to life, survival and development, particularly through the application of its strategies, policies and plans on this issue. The Committee further recommends that particular attention be given by the State party to addressing the problem of malnutrition....
38. The Committee urges the State party to continue and strengthen its efforts to address issues related to the right to life, survival and development, particularly through the application of its strategies, policies and plans on this issue. The Committee further recommends that particular attention be given by the State party to addressing the problem of malnutrition.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 44 OF THE CONVENTION, CRC/C/TCD/CO/2 (2009). Par. 38. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsp32e83GEI8msE8Qd28gyVFXHudDolXbMfjgDXDxozhp6tZWDHcXu%2BMQ%2BU1f8odUchmIzNDZzrZr3obaP0OeyCg6MI6TbKGBccUw%2BsqOoGj0
Food policy Chad CESCR Food marketing regulations
25.The Committee recommends that the State party set up, and provide sufficient funding for, programmes designed to ensure for everyone, especially the most disadvantaged and marginalized persons and social groups, physical and economic access to the minimum of essential food that is sufficient, nutritionally adequate and safe to ensure freedom from hunger, in line with the Committee’s general comment No....
25.The Committee recommends that the State party set up, and provide sufficient funding for, programmes designed to ensure for everyone, especially the most disadvantaged and marginalized persons and social groups, physical and economic access to the minimum of essential food that is sufficient, nutritionally adequate and safe to ensure freedom from hunger, in line with the Committee’s general comment No. 12 on the right to adequate food (1999) and its statement on the world food crisis.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Consideration of reports submitted by States parties in accordance with articles 16 and 17 of the Covenant, E/C.12/TCD/CO/3 (2009). Par. 25. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuW5phOd4cxCxjkMp%2FLl%2F5D2QoElGea3OAko%2Fg0hwuxlrwVCaoFk1Tj8U8Csm0bD%2FS7u%2FNDizf3%2FjNL%2BrW6RHNTBMX3DB7wsDfYU9QYH8Te55H
Food policy Cameroon CRC Education and information Food and nutrition security
72. The Committee reiterates its previous recommendation and urges the State party , inter alia , to: (d) Ensure that children in street situations have access to education and are supported to stay in school, and provide them with adequate health services, shelter and food, bearing in mind the specific needs of girls. ...
72. The Committee reiterates its previous recommendation and urges the State party , inter alia , to: (d) Ensure that children in street situations have access to education and are supported to stay in school, and provide them with adequate health services, shelter and food, bearing in mind the specific needs of girls.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 44 of the Convention, CRC/C/CMR/CO/2 (2010). Par. 72 (d). Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsgv0eNCYtyyNQsBlq2fF1%2BAsPv65iK9DMf6fGchHVb6%2BIOtyBYGCec3GbZ%2BDvLDtLuVCczTI5zUfxnnjWl0%2Fzoy24aDF1HubAOKwGYSBqTs%2B
Tobacco control Cameroon CESCR Fiscal measures Education and information Smoke and emissions’ free environments (SFE) Tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship (TAPS) Tobacco use
31. The Committee notes with concern the high rate of smoking in the State party, despite measures taken to cut the consumption of tobacco (art. 12). The Committee recommends that the State party design effective policies to combat tobacco consumption, strengthen its prohibition on tobacco product advertising, enact legislation imposing a strict ban on smoking in all closed public areas, and...
31. The Committee notes with concern the high rate of smoking in the State party, despite measures taken to cut the consumption of tobacco (art. 12).
The Committee recommends that the State party design effective policies to combat tobacco consumption, strengthen its prohibition on tobacco product advertising, enact legislation imposing a strict ban on smoking in all closed public areas, and intensify public awareness-raising campaigns. It also recommends that the State party allocate part of its revenue from taxes on cigarettes to discourage smoking.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under articles 16 and 17 of the Covenant, E/C.12/CMR/CO/2-3 (2012). Par. 31. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuW6UZeww1QFihQBrUmR7Q0x%2FtpSH9GkYhB5bG%2Fo9ZXFU9sbkIS%2BUysVKEuVehwGiJ2swxybOWJxDwtJExBzV2uKpEAKxa%2Fj9MbeX2YCdNSrQ6
Food policy Cameroon CESCR Food production Food and nutrition security Trade and investment
26. (...) The Committee urges the State party to take the necessary measures to protect the right to adequate food, including by setting up a public food distribution system for the most disadvantaged and marginalized regions and groups. It also calls on the State party to tackle structural problems related to food insecurity, such as security of land tenure for...
26. (...) The Committee urges the State party to take the necessary measures to protect the right to adequate food, including by setting up a public food distribution system for the most disadvantaged and marginalized regions and groups. It also calls on the State party to tackle structural problems related to food insecurity, such as security of land tenure for small-scale producers, the transport and distribution of foodstuffs, and the availability of agricultural credits. The Committee refers the State party to its general comment No. 12 (1999) on the right to adequate food and to the Voluntary Guidelines to support the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security, adopted by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under articles 16 and 17 of the Covenant, E/C.12/CMR/CO/2-3 (2012). Par. 26. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuW6UZeww1QFihQBrUmR7Q0x%2FtpSH9GkYhB5bG%2Fo9ZXFU9sbkIS%2BUysVKEuVehwGiJ2swxybOWJxDwtJExBzV2uKpEAKxa%2Fj9MbeX2YCdNSrQ6
Food policy Tobacco control Other Health-related issues Cameroon CRC Fiscal measures Food marketing regulations Education and information Breastfeeding
34. (e) Address malnutrition by finalizing and implementing the food and nutrition policy, ensuring a dedicated budget line in the national budget for nutrition, intensifying awareness-raising campaigns, particularly in rural areas, promoting exclusive breastfeeding and knowledge of the national code on the marketing of breast milk substitutes and establishing hospitals certified as baby-friendly. 35. (d) Address the incidence of drug...
34. (e) Address malnutrition by finalizing and implementing the food and nutrition policy, ensuring a dedicated budget line in the national budget for nutrition, intensifying awareness-raising campaigns, particularly in rural areas, promoting exclusive breastfeeding and knowledge of the national code on the marketing of breast milk substitutes and establishing hospitals certified as baby-friendly.
35. (d) Address the incidence of drug abuse by Children and/or adolescents, in particular Tramadol, by, inter alia, providing Children and/or adolescents with accurate and objective information and education on life skills for the prevention of substance abuse, including tobacco and alcohol, and develop accessible and youth-friendly drug dependency treatment and harm reduction services
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined third to fifth periodic reports of Cameroon, CRC/C/CMR/CO/3-5 (2017). Par. 34 (e) and 35 (d). Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2FC%2FCMR%2FCO%2F3-5&Lang=en
Food policy Cameroon CESCR Nutritional surveillance Food and nutrition security
51. (a) Adopt a legislative and institutional framework and a comprehensive strategy for guaranteeing the right to adequate food and combating hunger and chronic malnutrition, particularly in rural areas and in the Far North Region, and seek technical support in that regard from the Right to Food Team of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations...
51. (a) Adopt a legislative and institutional framework and a comprehensive strategy for guaranteeing the right to adequate food and combating hunger and chronic malnutrition, particularly in rural areas and in the Far North Region, and seek technical support in that regard from the Right to Food Team of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Committee on the Rights of the Child, ONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 44 OF THE CONVENTION, E/C.12/CMR/CO/4 (2019). Par. 51 (a). Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E%2FC.12%2FCMR%2FCO%2F4&Lang=en
Other Health-related issues Cabo Verde CRC Education and information
64. The Committee welcomes the integration of adolescents health in the National Health Policy, and the creation of sexual and reproductive health services for adolescents in 2008. The Committee is, however, concerned about the high number of pregnancies among girls and the discrepancy in access to sexual and reproductive health services between urban and rural areas. The Committee notes the...
64. The Committee welcomes the integration of adolescents health in the National Health Policy, and the creation of sexual and reproductive health services for adolescents in 2008. The Committee is, however, concerned about the high number of pregnancies among girls and the discrepancy in access to sexual and reproductive health services between urban and rural areas. The Committee notes the training, education and awareness-raising activities to prevent the use of harmful drugs by children but remains concerned about their use by adolescents, with some starting to use drugs before the age of 15.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the second periodic report of Cabo Verde, CRC/C/CPV/CO/2 (2019). Par. 64. Available at: http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2fPPRiCAqhKb7yhslnBTpuuAw%2f%2b74cgBUuvp98ixU1BnIBw2XvKuz%2boZhvpu3frlJYR3qLMOOAJLG%2bHbp8qvThVvhusU7wjqqVZDtJH5qFG7JaN5wIum7H13UJN
Tobacco control Cabo Verde CRC Smoke and emissions’ free environments (SFE)
82. Recalling its general comment No. 17 (2013) on the right of the child to rest, leisure, play, recreational activities, cultural life and the arts, the Committee recommends that the State party take measures to provide children with safe, accessible, inclusive and smoke-free spaces for play and socialization at the community level....
82. Recalling its general comment No. 17 (2013) on the right of the child to rest, leisure, play, recreational activities, cultural life and the arts, the Committee recommends that the State party take measures to provide children with safe, accessible, inclusive and smoke-free spaces for play and socialization at the community level.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 44 of the Convention, CRC/C/CPV/CO/2 (2019). Par. 82. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsnTVcCSPQ%2BSAC9fggurxV%2FQgZdgujhmn2wgt8wLsiZ6U4EUYZnSOtOoPhmfgtpjmMN2EveL1XTNLnmVo6UX%2FbiARNBg44HCge6nyuah3kCK%2B
Food policy Tobacco control Burkina Faso CRC Education and information Breastfeeding
55. (e) Ensuring that all segments of society are informed of and have access to education and support on the use of basic knowledge of child health and nutrition, including the advantages of exclusive breastfeeding for children up to six months;...
55. (e) Ensuring that all segments of society are informed of and have access to education and support on the use of basic knowledge of child health and nutrition, including the advantages of exclusive breastfeeding for children up to six months;
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 44 of the Convention, CRC/C/BFA/CO/3-4 (2017). Par. 55 (e). Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsnTVcCSPQ%2BSAC9fggurxV%2FQgZdgujhmn2wgt8wLsiZ6U4EUYZnSOtOoPhmfgtpjmMN2EveL1XTNLnmVo6UX%2FbiARNBg44HCge6nyuah3kCK%2B
Food policy Burkina Faso CEDAW Food and nutrition security Access to water
47. The Committee recommends that the State party implement the United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders (the Bangkok Rules), guarantee the separation of detained women from convicts, ensure their access to adequate nutrition, drinking water, sanitation and healthcare and strengthen support programmes for their integration upon release....
47. The Committee recommends that the State party implement the United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders (the Bangkok Rules), guarantee the separation of detained women from convicts, ensure their access to adequate nutrition, drinking water, sanitation and healthcare and strengthen support programmes for their integration upon release.
Comittee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, Concluding observations on the seventh periodic report of Burkina Faso, CEDAW/C/BFA/CO/7 (2017). Par. 47. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsmPYo5NfAsNvhO7uZb6iXOTK9%2BfRfBgdIv4CdOamQuoNZsUK25z%2FemxHsUsjW7wjt4OTFVpfTbGehyQmAqHGelGz1NVv2K29UH%2B0vvoMUTvC
Food policy Tobacco control Other Health-related issues Vietnam CRC Food marketing regulations Education and information Breastfeeding Tobacco use
40. Recalling its general comment No. 20 (2016) on the implementation of the rights of the child during adolescence, and targets 3.3, 3.7 and 5.6 of the Sustainable Development Goals, the Committee recommends that the State party: (d) Strengthen measures to address the incidence of tobacco, drug and alcohol abuse among children, and to provide children with accurate and objective...
40. Recalling its general comment No. 20 (2016) on the implementation of the rights of the child during adolescence, and targets 3.3, 3.7 and 5.6 of the Sustainable Development Goals, the Committee recommends that the State party: (d) Strengthen measures to address the incidence of tobacco, drug and alcohol abuse among children, and to provide children with accurate and objective information on preventing substance abuse, including tobacco and alcohol abuse.
38. The Committee recommends that the State party: (c) Strengthen coordination across relevant ministries to address child malnutrition, stunting and obesity, and raise public awareness on these issues; (d) Promote breastfeeding and monitor the implementation of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes; (e) Strengthen measures to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV, combat the stigmatization of children with HIV/AIDS and enable children affected and infected by HIV/AIDS to remain in their family environments.
Comittee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined fifth and sixth periodic reports of Viet Nam, CRC/C/VNM/CO/5-6 (2022). Par. 40 (d), 38 (c), (d), (e). Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhst%2F9PBefxPb2bhmNGPOCsAhtwxQJNisnU9iAOKlSJZ5ci0QcrYzkZjjtFT0VmtQ%2FUZNIhy8xVtyse5bxC%2B%2FdF%2FxQQAtblaY%2Bkq9WuxkUSO6j
Tobacco control Other Health-related issues Philippines CRC Education and information Tobacco use
80. The Committee recommends to the State party that it: Provide adolescents with information on the harmful consequences of alcohol, drug and tobacco use. The Committee recommends to the State party that it:(a) Effectively implement its domestic labour laws and the National Programme against Child Labour as well as its subprogrammes, for example...
80. The Committee recommends to the State party that it: Provide adolescents with information on the harmful consequences of alcohol, drug and tobacco use. The Committee recommends to the State party that it:(a) Effectively implement its domestic labour laws and the National Programme against Child Labour as well as its subprogrammes, for example the Elimination of Child Labour in the Tobacco Industry Project and ensure that child workers participate in discussions about the solution to this problem.
84. (c) Ensure that street children are reached through trained street educators and counsellors and provided with adequate nutrition, clothing and shelter as well as with social and health services and educational opportunities, including vocational and life skills training, in order to support their full development and provide them with adequate protection and assistance;
Comittee on the Rights of the Child, CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIESUNDER ARTICLE 44 OF THE CONVENTION, CRC/C/15/Add.259 (2005). Par. 80 (a) and 84 (c). Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsgnXZ0ChBsrwmcy8%2F%2BFNoDGaBd%2Bir1PK%2BbsnVoDpoJKAXkROkf7%2BH%2FDnfGOESRALM1LqaOV2Qe4mJrBBu%2FulxZ0hbgE9KDAA8g6pI7yyqKYE
Food policy Philippines CRC Education and information Food and nutrition security Breastfeeding
56. The Committee recommends that the State party: (e) Effectively address the issue of under-nutrition by providing adequate nutritional food and supplements, as well as education on healthy early habits. 58. The Committee recommends that the State party further encourage exclusive breastfeeding for six months after birth with modifications for an appropriate infant diet thereafter and take measures to improve...
56. The Committee recommends that the State party: (e) Effectively address the issue of under-nutrition by providing adequate nutritional food and supplements, as well as education on healthy early habits.
58. The Committee recommends that the State party further encourage exclusive breastfeeding for six months after birth with modifications for an appropriate infant diet thereafter and take measures to improve the nutritional status of children through education and promotion of healthy feeding practices.
Comittee on the Rights of the Child, CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 44 OF THE CONVENTION, CRC/C/PHL/CO/3-4 (2009). Par. 56 (e) and 58. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhslzx7U%2BnCLlaw9ePDNleLZDOKUxk7Uo4Hr%2BRgtgC3IgizRrMwho9LRt2UMnm43z2TnWOoSxIr2xR7Qxkd1F3nvLkI3b%2BEIVdGWeMfIUeXUNk
Food policy Philippines CEDAW Food and nutrition security Access to water
44. With reference to its general recommendation No. 34, the Committee recommends that the State party: (a) Ensure that rural women have access to adequate food, nutrition, water and sanitation, taking into account international human rights standards on such rights....
44. With reference to its general recommendation No. 34, the Committee recommends that the State party:
(a) Ensure that rural women have access to adequate food, nutrition, water and sanitation, taking into account international human rights standards on such rights.
Comittee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, Concluding observations on the combined seventh and eighth periodic reports of the Philippines, CEDAW/C/PHL/CO/7-8 (2016). Par. 44 (a). Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CEDAW%2FC%2FPHL%2FCO%2F7-8&Lang=en
Food policy Tobacco control Other Health-related issues Pakistan CRC Education and information Tobacco use
56. The Committee recommends that the State party take appropriate measures to address the issue of drug abuse among children including by, providing Children and/or adolescents with accurate and objective information and life skills education on preventing substance abuse — including tobacco and alcohol abuse — and by developing accessible and youth-friendly drug-dependence treatment and harm reduction services. It also...
56. The Committee recommends that the State party take appropriate measures to address the issue of drug abuse among children including by, providing Children and/or adolescents with accurate and objective information and life skills education on preventing substance abuse — including tobacco and alcohol abuse — and by developing accessible and youth-friendly drug-dependence treatment and harm reduction services. It also recommends that the State party adopt standards applicable to rehabilitation centres, especially concerning the treatment of persons below the age of 18 years.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of Pakistan, CRC/C/PAK/CO/5 (2016). Par. 56. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsj6w6N%2F47zTb2GZCw8ZJMHBo%2FKlxkcysXmsISop1yo0QfaT1E6yAhOmn1FhkSztV8IkZY%2F0FcydIBPHSpz3tSnn6uT1XlVbgwtgC5kzi77Xw
Food policy Pakistan CRC Food and nutrition security
23. The Committee urges the State party to take immediate measures to: (...) (b) Prevent and combat malnutrition, especially among vulnerable and disadvantaged groups of children, such as those living in poverty, including Dalit children....
23. The Committee urges the State party to take immediate measures to: (...)
(b) Prevent and combat malnutrition, especially among vulnerable and disadvantaged groups of children, such as those living in poverty, including Dalit children.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of Pakistan, CRC/C/PAK/CO/5 (2016). Par. 23 (b). Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsj6w6N%2F47zTb2GZCw8ZJMHBo%2FKlxkcysXmsISop1yo0QfaT1E6yAhOmn1FhkSztV8IkZY%2F0FcydIBPHSpz3tSnn6uT1XlVbgwtgC5kzi77Xw
Food policy Pakistan CESCR Food and nutrition security
70. The Committee recommends that the State party take all steps necessary to address persisting acute hunger and malnutrition and, in particular, the critical nutritional needs of infants and children. It also recommends that the State party allocate sufficient resources for the full implementation of the infant and young child feeding strategy and that it adopt a legislative framework protecting...
70. The Committee recommends that the State party take all steps necessary to address persisting acute hunger and malnutrition and, in particular, the critical nutritional needs of infants and children. It also recommends that the State party allocate sufficient resources for the full implementation of the infant and young child feeding strategy and that it adopt a legislative framework protecting the right to adequate food and nutrition and a national action plan on food security and nutrition that is in line with the Committee’s general comment No. 12 (1999) on the right to adequate food and the Voluntary Guidelines to Support the Progressive Realization of the Right to Adequate Food in the Context of National Food Security.
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women,Concluding observations on the initial report of Pakistan, E/C.12/PAK/CO/1 (2017). Par. 70. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuW3lUtW8Y9xuIXXVdepJkLEBl2eTfzdc0EmUYq2yOFEIParZxt9%2BGle%2FD3RkqHcm8K2ErJQElBGHXuMReih5YHD3N8rgWLP3z%2BXynWwmk1H4e
Food policy Indonesia CEDAW Access to water
42. "In line with its general recommendation No. 24 (1999), on women and health, the Committee calls upon the State party to: (a) Ensure that adequate funding is allocated to health, and establish a system for monitoring the effective and transparent delivery of health-care services." 46. "The Committee urges the State party to: (a) Pay special attention to the needs of...
42. "In line with its general recommendation No. 24 (1999), on women and health, the Committee calls upon the State party to: (a) Ensure that adequate funding is allocated to health, and establish a system for monitoring the effective and transparent delivery of health-care services."
46. "The Committee urges the State party to: (a) Pay special attention to the needs of rural women to ensure that they have access to health, education, clean water, sanitation services and income-generating projects; and eliminate discrimination in women’s ownership and inheritance of land;"
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women on Indonesia, CEDAW/C/IDN/CO/6-7 (2012). Par. 42 (a) and 46 (a). Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CEDAW%2FC%2FIDN%2FCO%2F6-7&Lang=en
Food policy Tobacco control Other Health-related issues Indonesia CESCR Food production Education and information Food and nutrition security Access to water Smoke and emissions’ free environments (SFE) Tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship (TAPS) FCTC ratification
31. "The Committee recommends that the State party adopt a human rights-based approach to its food policy, including by: (a) Addressing critical issues to all aspects of the food system, including the production, processing, distribution and consumption of safe food, as well as parallel measures in the fields of health and education, especially in disadvantaged areas; and (b)...
31. "The Committee recommends that the State party adopt a human rights-based approach to its food policy, including by: (a) Addressing critical issues to all aspects of the food system, including the production, processing, distribution and consumption of safe food, as well as parallel measures in the fields of health and education, especially in disadvantaged areas; and (b) Ensuring that activities of the private business sector are in conformity with the right to food. The Committee draws the attention of the State party to its general comment No. 12 (1999) on the right to adequate food."
35.(b) "The Committee recommends that the State party: Enact anti-tobacco legislation which prohibits indoor smoking in public buildings and in the workplace and enforces a comprehensive ban on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship;"
35.(d) "Apply a human rights-based approach to the treatment of tobacco and drug addiction, and provide appropriate health care, culturally sensitive psychological support services and rehabilitation to such persons, including effective drug dependence treatment such as opioid substitution therapy. The Committee also encourages the State party to ratify the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control."
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Concluding observations of the initial report of Indonesia, E/C.12/IDN/CO/1 (2014). Par. 31.(a) and (b) and Par 35.(b) and (d). Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E%2FC.12%2FIDN%2FCO%2F1&Lang=en
Food policy Tobacco control Other Health-related issues Indonesia CRC Education and information Food and nutrition security Breastfeeding Access to water Tobacco use
54. The Committee recommends that the State party allocate all the necessary human, technical and financial resources to address drug use by Children and/or adolescents by, inter alia, providing Children and/or adolescents with accurate and objective information aimed at avoiding and preventing substance abuse, including tobacco and alcohol, and develop accessible and youth-friendly drug dependence treatment and harm reduction services...
54. The Committee recommends that the State party allocate all the necessary human, technical and financial resources to address drug use by Children and/or adolescents by, inter alia, providing Children and/or adolescents with accurate and objective information aimed at avoiding and preventing substance abuse, including tobacco and alcohol, and develop accessible and youth-friendly drug dependence treatment and harm reduction services as well as life skills education.
66.(d) Ensure that, in all circumstances, children are separated from unrelated adults, have access to sufficient food, clean drinking water and sanitation, as well as health care, education and recreation.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined third and fourth periodic reports of Indonesia, CRC/C/IDN/CO/3-4 (2014) Par. 54 and par. 66.(d). Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2FC%2FIDN%2FCO%2F3-4&Lang=en
Food policy Other Health-related issues India CRC Education and information Food and nutrition security Breastfeeding Access to water
64. In the light of its general comment No. 15 (2013) on the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health, the Committee recommends that the State party: (c) Ensure the effective implementation of the National Food Security Act, 2013, which contains provisions aimed at combating children’s undernourishment; (d) Enhance efforts to promote...
64. In the light of its general comment No. 15 (2013) on the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health, the Committee recommends that the State party: (c) Ensure the effective implementation of the National Food Security Act, 2013, which contains provisions aimed at combating children’s undernourishment; (d) Enhance efforts to promote exclusive breastfeeding practices, including breastfeeding from birth, complementary feeding strategies, with or without provision of food supplements, as well as micronutrient interventions for mothers; ensure the effective implementation of, and compliance with, the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (WHO, 1981); put in place a monitoring and reporting system to identify violations of the Code and take stringent measures in all situations of violations of the Code, which include the promotion and distribution of infant formula samples and promotional materials by private-sector companies involved in the marketing and distribution of infant formula.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined third and fourth periodic reports of India, CRC/C/IND/CO/3-4 (2014). Par. 64.(c) (d). Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2FC%2FIND%2FCO%2F3-4&Lang=en
Food policy Other Health-related issues Egypt CESCR Fiscal measures Education and information Food and nutrition security Access to water
6. The Committee recommends that the State party increase the proportion of its budget allocated to sectors directly related to the Covenant rights, particularly health, education, housing and food....
6. The Committee recommends that the State party increase the proportion of its budget allocated to sectors directly related to the Covenant rights, particularly health, education, housing and food.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Concluding observations on the combined second to fourth periodic report of Egypt, E/C.12/EGY/CO/2-4 (2013). Par. 6. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E%2FC.12%2FEGY%2FCO%2F2-4&Lang=en
Food policy Other Health-related issues China CESCR Fiscal measures Education and information
59.The Committee strongly recommends that the State party take immediate measures, inter alia by increasing allocations, for the protection of economic, social and cultural rights of persons living in disadvantaged areas, in particular with regard to adequate housing, food and water, health services and sanitation. The Committee calls upon the State party to develop a mechanism for measuring the...
59.The Committee strongly recommends that the State party take immediate measures, inter alia by increasing allocations, for the protection of economic, social and cultural rights of persons living in disadvantaged areas, in particular with regard to adequate housing, food and water, health services and sanitation. The Committee calls upon the State party to develop a mechanism for measuring the poverty level and to monitor it closely, and refers the State party to the Committee’s statement on poverty adopted in May 2001.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under articles 16 and 17 of the Covenant, Concluding observations of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights People’s Republic of China (including Hong Kong and Macao), E/C.12/1/Add.107 (2005). Par. 59. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E%2FC.12%2F1%2FAdd.107&Lang=en
Tobacco control Other Health-related issues China CRC Education and information Tobacco use
67. The Committee recommends that in all areas under its jurisdiction, the State party expand preventive and therapeutic mental health services for adolescents and develop programmes to decrease tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and drug abuse among adolescents, in particular through the development of campaigns specifically designed for adolescents on health behavioural choices and life skills. It further recommends that...
67. The Committee recommends that in all areas under its jurisdiction, the State party expand preventive and therapeutic mental health services for adolescents and develop programmes to decrease tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and drug abuse among adolescents, in particular through the development of campaigns specifically designed for adolescents on health behavioural choices and life skills. It further recommends that in the Hong Kong SAR, the State party continue to strengthen its efforts to prevent suicide among the youth.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations: China (including Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions), CRC/C/CHN/CO/2 (2005). Par. 67. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2FC%2FCHN%2FCO%2F2&Lang=en
Food policy China CRC Food production
66. The Committee strongly recommends that the State party: (a) Intensify its efforts to reform laws and strengthen implementation of regulations on food and health safety standards, including for the business sector, and ensure that any officials or companies violating international and national environment and health standards are appropriately sanctioned and remedies provided when violations occur....
66. The Committee strongly recommends that the State party: (a) Intensify its efforts to reform laws and strengthen implementation of regulations on food and health safety standards, including for the business sector, and ensure that any officials or companies violating international and national environment and health standards are appropriately sanctioned and remedies provided when violations occur.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined third and fourth periodic reports of China, adopted by the Committee at its sixty-fourth session (16 September–4 October 2013), CRC/C/CHN/CO/3-4 (2013). Par. 66 (a). Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhso23wCwLcI6mikolpecekJiKxokT9PZd%2BAIuwnAS9cTQ8odgT3SN5r8b2fwEGfzcssJ8eKxAFqJbvyE3s8JRY4Uw7I4nkOnElqyaQajNCXsj
Food policy China CESCR Food marketing regulations Food production Food and nutrition security
29. The Committee is concerned about the situation of food insecurity in some of the poor rural areas, particularly in the western mountainous areas, and about the persistence of child malnutrition, mainly in rural areas and in the Tibet Autonomous Region. Despite the efforts made by the State party to strengthen food safety supervision, including through the adoption of the...
29. The Committee is concerned about the situation of food insecurity in some of the poor rural areas, particularly in the western mountainous areas, and about the persistence of child malnutrition, mainly in rural areas and in the Tibet Autonomous Region. Despite the efforts made by the State party to strengthen food safety supervision, including through the adoption of the Food Safety Law, the Committee remains concerned about the shortcomings in the implementation of that Law (art. 11).
The Committee urges the State party to strengthen its efforts to protect the right to adequate food. The Committee recommends that the State party step up its efforts to address effectively the situation of food insecurity and child malnutrition in poor rural areas, particularly in the western mountainous areas and in the Tibet Autonomous Region. The Committee recommends that the State party take all necessary measures to enforce the Food Safety Law effectively, to strengthen its efforts with regard to food safety supervision and to ensure the production, processing, distribution, marketing and consumption of safe food. The Committee draws the State party’s attention to its general comment No. 12 (1999) on the right to adequate food and to the recommendations of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food (A/HRC/19/59/Add.1, paras. 40–46).
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Concluding observations on the second periodic report of China, including Hong Kong, China, and Macao, China, E/C.12/CHN/CO/2 (2014). Par. 29. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuW%2BALqOml1btoJd4YxREVF2VW58oMDPLAMUILqfo6v%2B47B8DRJbTAIMbcvgyEKXPdGsEnfi5eWE%2BWbfziSl6SiVeI%2FJnjrlrdBib9a4aoakRm
Food policy Cambodia CESCR Nutritional surveillance Food and nutrition security
28. The Committee recommends to the State party to strengthen its strategic interventions in response to the alarming situation of increasing food insecurity. The Committee requests the State party in its next periodic report to provide detailed information on the results of these strategic interventions. ...
28. The Committee recommends to the State party to strengthen its strategic interventions in response to the alarming situation of increasing food insecurity. The Committee requests the State party in its next periodic report to provide detailed information on the results of these strategic interventions.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLES 16 AND 17 OF THE COVENANT, E/C.12/KHM/CO/1 (2009). Par. 28. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuW3xCTTnuRFHujhUnAmZRMp%2Fl0s67oY%2FJq49KpGv1ac3d3Lu80kjs6bZWWP3ckv5EbwW6E6uOI8apgyUlBjMagYJ7MnD09rq1rMHXAlyaGozU
Food policy Cambodia CEDAW Food and nutrition security
39. The Committee recommends that the State party: (...) (c) Integrate the nutritional needs of women and/or girls into broader national strategies and policies on nutrition to ensure that their specific needs at various stages of life are met, especially among women of childbearing age in rural areas....
39. The Committee recommends that the State party: (...) (c) Integrate the nutritional needs of women and/or girls into broader national strategies and policies on nutrition to ensure that their specific needs at various stages of life are met, especially among women of childbearing age in rural areas.
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Concluding observations on the sixth periodic report of Cambodia, CEDAW/C/KHM/CO/6 (2019). Par. 39 (c). Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsglff%2FiazrVw%2BcyfdY9GxZ5bSfxXA5KrNzKiYSQz0rFB5gi2CnbaBYZjQXYsuDPG8zwJOMQYrnR0kzrDfbbRUOLlP9FY3Pa3qLqF8UVCDJxW
Tobacco control Cambodia CRC Education and information Tobacco use
38. The Committee is concerned about rising child pregnancy rates, the focus of education on abstinence to prevent child pregnancies and the prevalence of substance abuse among adolescents. Recalling its general comment No. 20 (2016) on the implementation of the rights of the child during adolescence, and taking note of targets 3.7 and 5.6 of the Sustainable Development Goals, the...
38. The Committee is concerned about rising child pregnancy rates, the focus of education on abstinence to prevent child pregnancies and the prevalence of substance abuse among adolescents. Recalling its general comment No. 20 (2016) on the implementation of the rights of the child during adolescence, and taking note of targets 3.7 and 5.6 of the Sustainable Development Goals, the Committee reiterates its previous recommendations and urges the State party to: (...)
(c) Expeditiously adopt the draft law on alcohol in order to establish a minimum age for alcohol consumption, and adopt legislative measures to prohibit the sale of tobacco and drugs.
(d) Provide children with accurate and objective information on preventing substance abuse, including of tobacco and alcohol, and develop accessible and child-friendly drug dependence treatment and harm reduction services for adolescents.
Food policy Cambodia CESCR Fiscal measures Nutritional surveillance Education and information Food and nutrition security Trade and investment
41. The Committee recommends that the State party redouble its efforts to protect the right to adequate food and make an assessment of the implementation of its Second National Strategy for Food Security and Nutrition 2019–2023, in order to tackle food insecurity and malnutrition in an effective and comprehensive manner, including by establishing programmes to increase the level of minimum...
41. The Committee recommends that the State party redouble its efforts to protect the right to adequate food and make an assessment of the implementation of its Second National Strategy for Food Security and Nutrition 2019–2023, in order to tackle food insecurity and malnutrition in an effective and comprehensive manner, including by establishing programmes to increase the level of minimum income support, promote healthier diets, incorporate trade, land management, education and fiscal policy elements, set clear, time-bound targets and establish appropriate mechanisms for assessing the progress made.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Concluding observations on the second periodic report of Cambodia, E/C.12/KHM/CO/2 (2023). Par. 41. Available at: 2BYe62Ss7WypmsG01gopbAbYW6kF7OpSpHEjxFdG5jreehCXS9QjQsdIKpGnNXsi4HlA67pqsTmLZW
Tobacco control Other Health-related issues Bangladesh CRC Education and information Tobacco use
61. The Committee recommends that the State party provide Children and/or adolescents with accurate and objective information and life-skills education on preventing substance abuse, including the abuse of tobacco and alcohol but especially hard drugs, as well as glue and solvent sniffing, through public school programmes and media campaigns, and protect children from harmful misinformation and models. The Committee also...
61. The Committee recommends that the State party provide Children and/or adolescents with accurate and objective information and life-skills education on preventing substance abuse, including the abuse of tobacco and alcohol but especially hard drugs, as well as glue and solvent sniffing, through public school programmes and media campaigns, and protect children from harmful misinformation and models. The Committee also recommends that the State party develop accessible and anonymous drug dependence treatments and harm reduction services for children and young people.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of Bangladesh, CRC/C/BDG/CO/5 (2015). Par. 61. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2FC%2FBGD%2FCO%2F5&Lang=en
Food policy Bangladesh CESCR Food and nutrition security
57. The Committee recommends that the State party redouble its efforts to: (a) Prevent food crises, including through the effective forecasting of food shortages and by securing food availability and distribution for areas in need; (b) ...
57. The Committee recommends that the State party redouble its efforts to:
(a) Prevent food crises, including through the effective forecasting of food shortages and by securing food availability and distribution for areas in need;
(b) Fully implement the Food Safety Act, 2013 and the related rules of 2014;
(c) Develop a national strategy for food and nutrition security, taking into account the Voluntary Guidelines to Support the Progressive Realization of the Right to Adequate Food in the Context of National Food Security.
58. The Committee draws the attention of the State party to its general comment No. 12 (1999) on the right to adequate food.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,Concluding observations on the initial report of Bangladesh, E/C.12/BGD/CO/1 (2018). Par. 57 and 58. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuWwpdI7QZ9ZIlVnEnVcAytL1KqJU9GxfzRiExOku4WSVPsJDWOR5qJpoyl4XsHdw%2FeT5bGQbWuN6yiMNz%2BUPYMnJv1oKGMtYvPbtbCvtNnAlT
Tobacco control Other Health-related issues Kazakhstan CRC Industry interference Tobacco use
51. The Committee notes that some efforts are being undertaken to promote healthy lifestyles through the “Youth well-being” programme. However, the Committee remains concerned at the high incidence of drug abuse and the widespread alcoholism and tobacco use. (...) 52. The Committee recommends that the State party: (a) Take all necessary measures to fight substance abuse, and strengthen the programme of...
51. The Committee notes that some efforts are being undertaken to promote healthy lifestyles through the “Youth well-being” programme. However, the Committee remains concerned at the high incidence of drug abuse and the widespread alcoholism and tobacco use. (...)
52. The Committee recommends that the State party: (a) Take all necessary measures to fight substance abuse, and strengthen the programme of health education in schools.
Committee on the Rights of the Child,CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 44 OF THE CONVENTION, CRC/C/KAZ/CO/3 (2007). Par. 51 and 52 (a). Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsjV2jkLOVHB6lp%2F7QQg8qH7OhfdpaCbLyHEPlAr6gqJiTIunCTSdIN9qGJhWtxWk1Pm7KDcH%2B1ZA8owE1GoyqWFUvhcRMSPj%2BaCeKRkVOfqH
Food policy Other Health-related issues Kazakhstan CESCR Education and information Access to water
31. ...The Committee recommends that the State party address disparities between urban and rural areas and among regions with regard to adequate housing, sanitation systems and water connections. The Committee requests the State party in its next periodic report to provide detailed information relating to the housing situation, including the number of urban slum-dwellers and the percentage of dwellings in...
31. ...The Committee recommends that the State party address disparities between urban and rural areas and among regions with regard to adequate housing, sanitation systems and water connections. The Committee requests the State party in its next periodic report to provide detailed information relating to the housing situation, including the number of urban slum-dwellers and the percentage of dwellings in rural areas that do not have access to clean drinking water and proper sewage and sanitation systems. The Committee is concerned about the persistence of child labour in the State party, including by children of migrant workers in tobacco and cotton farms.
27. The Committee is also concerned that these children do not attend school during farming periods. The Committee calls on the State party to take urgent measures to ensure protection of all children against all forms of exploitation and undertake effective measures to enable them to fully enjoy their right to education.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under articles 16 and 17 of the Covenant, E/C.12/KAZ/CO/1 (2010). Par. 31 and 27. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuWzkLn5QA2sHMzcgILbdGh1oHJDaoF4oW7hS2eX2xZiod9%2BG8RAU92legDKsCRAMcvkAFGLsrOIdLT5ni66nFzcZ8SaNKGbGaOxpeJigRmlrP
Food policy Kazakhstan CEDAW Access to water
44. The Committee recommends that the State party: (a) Strengthen access for rural women to safe drinking water, health care, formal employment and entrepreneurship, and ensure that the specific needs of rural women are met and that they are aware of the opportunities and benefits available to them, including through the Internet....
44. The Committee recommends that the State party: (a) Strengthen access for rural women to safe drinking water, health care, formal employment and entrepreneurship, and ensure that the specific needs of rural women are met and that they are aware of the opportunities and benefits available to them, including through the Internet.
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women,Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of Kazakhstan, CEDAW/C/KAZ/CO/5 (2019). Par. 44 (a). Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsglff%2FiazrVw%2BcyfdY9GxZ5qyL8U47NsbKdrKR%2BR3rnRv0xyGiOpaHJd38wHbs%2FkDDEga9Irqc%2BIe8spNAMTF5T418jg21QFvbiB8VbelmzX
Food policy Azerbaijan CEDAW Fiscal measures Food production Food and nutrition security Access to water
38. The Committee recommends that the State party combat poverty among rural women by ensuring access to education, adequate water and sanitation, formal employment, low-interest loans without collateral and other forms of financial credit for agribusinesses, and ownership and use of land. The Committee also recommends that the State party integrate a gender perspective into its agricultural policies and ensure...
38. The Committee recommends that the State party combat poverty among rural women by ensuring access to education, adequate water and sanitation, formal employment, low-interest loans without collateral and other forms of financial credit for agribusinesses, and ownership and use of land. The Committee also recommends that the State party integrate a gender perspective into its agricultural policies and ensure the equal participation of rural women in decision-making on agricultural policies and in leadership positions.
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women,Concluding observations on the sixth periodic report of Azerbaijan, CEDAW/C/AZE/CO/6 (2022). Par. 38. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsgcjdm0xgERNaIXh22nhTUne82HffUBixL3cJQgfEppxDlNAQrbaKw%2FYPIKgAA%2BGTRyLdezeZbkfV4BpC5gGMRC5umnCjYphyDpn%2FY3lHnLm
Food policy Azerbaijan CEDAW Food production Access to water
36. (a) Strengthen transformative policies and strategies to reduce the burden of unpaid care work on women, particularly rural women; facilitate access to good-quality and affordable gender-responsive public services, including in relation to health care, education, childcare, transportation, water, land use, housing and energy services; and generate data on and establish the monetization of unpaid care work as a baseline...
36. (a) Strengthen transformative policies and strategies to reduce the burden of unpaid care work on women, particularly rural women; facilitate access to good-quality and affordable gender-responsive public services, including in relation to health care, education, childcare, transportation, water, land use, housing and energy services; and generate data on and establish the monetization of unpaid care work as a baseline for its recognition and compensation
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women,Concluding observations on the sixth periodic report of Azerbaijan, CEDAW/C/AZE/CO/6 (2022). Par. 36 (a) . Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsgcjdm0xgERNaIXh22nhTUne82HffUBixL3cJQgfEppxDlNAQrbaKw%2FYPIKgAA%2BGTRyLdezeZbkfV4BpC5gGMRC5umnCjYphyDpn%2FY3lHnLm
Food policy Netherlands CRC Food marketing regulations Education and information
28. The Committee recommends that the State party: (b) Continue efforts to address overweight and obesity in children and actions to promote a healthy lifestyle, including by regulating the marketing of unhealthy foods to children, raising public awareness of nutrition issues and ensuring that overweight and obese children receive the necessary support under the Young People at a Healthy Weight...
28. The Committee recommends that the State party: (b) Continue efforts to address overweight and obesity in children and actions to promote a healthy lifestyle, including by regulating the marketing of unhealthy foods to children, raising public awareness of nutrition issues and ensuring that overweight and obese children receive the necessary support under the Young People at a Healthy Weight programme
Committee on the Rights of the Child,Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 44 of the Convention, CRC/C/NLD/CO/5-6 (2022). Par. 28 (b) . Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsunkTiY%2FvDoWjbtx8Nu6M%2Bz0Psu05thabEWNGU2k4jXahNgl29madiZIHIx4gKIDHE6nJYb5BciGDVCPGjGg3Z2eh%2FjMHIPcotTNVYjan3bA
Tobacco control Other Health-related issues Italy CRC Education and information Tobacco use
53. The Committee is deeply concerned at the increase in use of illicit drugs, in particular amphetamines, among adolescents in the State party. The Committee notes with concern that such drugs are often used to improve school performance and to fight depression. Further, the Committee is concerned at the high levels of alcohol consumption and tobacco use among children, and...
53. The Committee is deeply concerned at the increase in use of illicit drugs, in particular amphetamines, among adolescents in the State party. The Committee notes with concern that such drugs are often used to improve school performance and to fight depression. Further, the Committee is concerned at the high levels of alcohol consumption and tobacco use among children, and the negative influence of advertisements, through direct advertising or through the mass media in general.
54. The Committee, referring to its general comment No. 4, recommends that the State party take relevant measures to eliminate the use of illicit drugs by children, through communication programmes and campaigns, the provision of life-skills education to adolescents, and the training of teachers, social workers and other relevant officials. This must include programmes on promoting healthy lifestyles among adolescents to prevent the use of alcohol and tobacco and the enforcement of regulations on the advertising of such products to children. The Committee encourages the State party to present information on such efforts and data on the use of illicit drugs by children in its next periodic report to the Committee.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 44 of the Convention, CRC/C/ITA/CO/3-4 (2011). Par. 53 and 54. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsunkTiY%2FvDoWjbtx8Nu6M%2Bz0Psu05thabEWNGU2k4jXahNgl29madiZIHIx4gKIDHE6nJYb5BciGDVCPGjGg3Z2eh%2FjMHIPcotTNVYjan3bA
Food policy Italy CRC Food marketing regulations Education and information Breastfeeding
49.The Committee is concerned at the low rate of exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months, and the practice of providing complementary foods to infants from the age of four months. The Committee is further concerned at the unregulated marketing of food for infants, young children and adolescents, and inadequacies in the monitoring of the marketing of breast-milk substitutes. 50....
49.The Committee is concerned at the low rate of exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months, and the practice of providing complementary foods to infants from the age of four months. The Committee is further concerned at the unregulated marketing of food for infants, young children and adolescents, and inadequacies in the monitoring of the marketing of breast-milk substitutes.
50. The Committee recommends that the State party take action to improve the practice of exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months, through awareness-raising measures including campaigns, information and training for relevant Government officials, particularly staff working in maternity units, and parents. The Committee further recommends that the State party strengthen the monitoring of existing marketing regulations relating to food for children and regulations relatingto the marketing of breast-milk substitutes, including bottles and teats, and ensure that such regulations are monitored on a regular basis and action is taken against those who violate the code.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 44 of the Convention, CRC/C/ITA/CO/3-4 (2011). Par. 49 and 50. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsunkTiY%2FvDoWjbtx8Nu6M%2Bz0Psu05thabEWNGU2k4jXahNgl29madiZIHIx4gKIDHE6nJYb5BciGDVCPGjGg3Z2eh%2FjMHIPcotTNVYjan3bA
Food policy Italy CESCR Fiscal measures Food marketing regulations
19. The Committee also recommends that the State party take measures to increase the number of reception centres, to improve the living conditions therein and to ensure that everyone in the centres has access to medical care, interpreters, adequate food, clothing and social support. 50. The Committee is concerned that one in ten adults is obese, with persons with lower...
19. The Committee also recommends that the State party take measures to increase the number of reception centres, to improve the living conditions therein and to ensure that everyone in the centres has access to medical care, interpreters, adequate food, clothing and social support.
50. The Committee is concerned that one in ten adults is obese, with persons with lower levels of education being most at risk, and about the significant increase in child obesity in the State party (art. 12).
51. The Committee recommends that the State party redouble its efforts to combat obesity, particularly among children. It also recommends that the State party introduce higher taxes on junk foods and sweet beverages and consider adopting strict regulations on the marketing of such products, while ensuring improved access to healthy diets.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 44 OF THE CONVENTION, E/C.12/ITA/CO/5 (2015). Par. 19, 50 and 51. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E%2FC.12%2FITA%2FCO%2F5&Lang=en
Food policy Italy CESCR Fiscal measures
56. The Committee reiterates its previous recommendation that the State party introduce higher taxes on junk foods and sweet beverages, and further recommends that it lower taxes on healthy food products, ensure mandatory physical exercise in the primary school system and increase earmarked funding for anti-obesity programmes for children in the southern regions....
56. The Committee reiterates its previous recommendation that the State party introduce higher taxes on junk foods and sweet beverages, and further recommends that it lower taxes on healthy food products, ensure mandatory physical exercise in the primary school system and increase earmarked funding for anti-obesity programmes for children in the southern regions.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 44 OF THE CONVENTION, E/C.12/ITA/CO/6 (2022). Par. 56. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsgnXZ0ChBsrwmcy8%2F%2BFNoDH8GClHpAoPyEj3crT%2FKNnC4q%2B0e62r%2BoDZNpxk4glocfPHJ596z0pRvdl4egqxq4jbNPZ9yE5Kdl%2F3DocA6gM9
Food policy Germany CESCR Trade and investment
9. The Committee notes with deep concern the impact of the State party’s agriculture and trade policies, which promote the export of subsidized agricultural products to developing countries, on the enjoyment of the right to an adequate standard of living and particularly on the right to food in the receiving countries. The Committee urges the State party to fully...
9. The Committee notes with deep concern the impact of the State party’s agriculture and trade policies, which promote the export of subsidized agricultural products to developing countries, on the enjoyment of the right to an adequate standard of living and particularly on the right to food in the receiving countries. The Committee urges the State party to fully apply a human rights-based approach to its international trade and agriculture policies, including by reviewing the impact of subsidies on the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights in importing countries. In this regard, the Committee draws the attention of the State party to the guidelines on international measures, actions and commitments as contained in the FAO Voluntary Guidelines on the Right to Food (2004).
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Concluding observations on the combined seventh and eighth periodic reports of Germany, E/C.12/DEU/CO/5 (2011). Par. 9. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuWx2r5QgrDoHhDa4HdzLZSD3KE9bLBSltP1o8ztaOh8fQGHTxuqI88JRWeK8ErggF91fXIRFTm%2F2I2ewtHryEAdsb55AGPNn4ygX27svwadXT
Tobacco control Germany CRC Tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship (TAPS) Tobacco use
31. The Committee recommends that the State party... (d) Regulate the marketing of tobacco to children and continue to strengthen measures to provide adolescents with information on preventing substance abuse, including of tobacco and alcohol, and to ensure the early identification and adequate referral of adolescents requiring treatment for substance abuse;...
31. The Committee recommends that the State party... (d) Regulate the marketing of tobacco to children and continue to strengthen measures to provide adolescents with information on preventing substance abuse, including of tobacco and alcohol, and to ensure the early identification and adequate referral of adolescents requiring treatment for substance abuse;
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined fifth and sixth periodic reports of Germany, CRC/C/DEU/CO/5-6 (2022). Par. 31 (d). Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsrVrBGd0Fukf%2FAkab12UC%2FYuMqo8od8mZT%2BO7YXVfBcM1IWvAZe5Nku1OEq%2F10EP9oX9AzMDb62JlkG7hV6y9tXtDsSrArjRUgMguQdW161B
Tobacco control Other Health-related issues France CRC Education and information Tobacco use Environment and health
22. The Committee recommends that the State party:...(b) Ensure that companies effectively implement international standards, including on human rights, the environment and health. 68. The Committee recommends that the State party address the incidence of drug use by children and adolescents by, inter alia, providing children and adolescents with accurate and objective information as well as life skills education on...
22. The Committee recommends that the State party:...(b) Ensure that companies effectively implement international standards, including on human rights, the environment and health.
68. The Committee recommends that the State party address the incidence of drug use by children and adolescents by, inter alia, providing children and adolescents with accurate and objective information as well as life skills education on preventing substance abuse, including of tobacco and alcohol, and develop accessible and youth-friendly drug dependence treatment and harm reduction services for children and young people.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of France, CRC/C/FRA/CO/5 (2016). Par. 22 (b) and 68. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsunLt%2FWNn9IUMCa5I2sTMky9H0t6Apsnxbu5hzZI1wZHQ27v2tg7RHSMFiRR1IfnF2Zv3VP%2Fzy6dXsmqAWdy5aN1NNe2Yi%2BI8zMJaQXD6Bm2
Food policy France CESCR Access to water
47. The Committee urges the State party to... (e) Further the development of public water supply and sanitation systems and provide access to those systems at an affordable price in order to reduce the prevalence of parasitic and infectious diseases....
47. The Committee urges the State party to... (e) Further the development of public water supply and sanitation systems and provide access to those systems at an affordable price in order to reduce the prevalence of parasitic and infectious diseases.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of France, E/C.12/FRA/CO/4 (2016). Par. 47 (e). Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuW2fDOv8b0fr6d%2FTw%2FoqOULMUOETL30q%2Fb9oDx%2BHhgqoHxLzgUUEpsguqEKUxCV79FRYfRo%2FUs6LSu%2B7pwGvd7HyHc9ZyCHyczrQGBpV7SagM
Food policy Tobacco control Czech Republic CRC Food marketing regulations Tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship (TAPS) Tobacco use
58. (c) Systematically collect information on the consumption of alcohol and tobacco products amongst children. 58. (d) Undertake measures necessary for the effective enforcement of the prohibition of the sale of such products to children; the Committee also recommends that the State party consider prohibiting the promotion of alcohol and tobacco products in media and/or information commonly accessed by children....
58. (c) Systematically collect information on the consumption of alcohol and tobacco products amongst children.
58. (d) Undertake measures necessary for the effective enforcement of the prohibition of the sale of such products to children; the Committee also recommends that the State party consider prohibiting the promotion of alcohol and tobacco products in media and/or information commonly accessed by children.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 44 of the Convention, Concluding Observations: Czech Republic. CRC/C/CZE/CO/3-4 (2011). Par. 58 (c) and (d). Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsrpiCE%2Fy0jVxzg5%2BV8i7pht4H4a4pAWsJL3pa%2FvZCeSaVBbp1g77ZAaHTDQ9mJG8VIti46tzmjcvP%2FVoFNzfm%2F1WVG%2BKM%2Fced2V99WuxIcPh
Food policy Tobacco control Cyrpus CRC Food marketing regulations Tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship (TAPS)
41. The Committee recommends that the State party, taking into account the Committee’s general comment No. 4 (2003) on adolescents health and development in the context of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, systematically collect comprehensive information on the consumption of alcohol and tobacco among children, and take the necessary measures for the effective enforcement of the prohibition...
41. The Committee recommends that the State party, taking into account the Committee’s general comment No. 4 (2003) on adolescents health and development in the context of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, systematically collect comprehensive information on the consumption of alcohol and tobacco among children, and take the necessary measures for the effective enforcement of the prohibition of the sale of such products to children. The Committee also recommends that the State party consider prohibiting the advertising of alcohol and tobacco products through television, radio, publications, the Internet and other media commonly accessed by Children and/or adolescents.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined third and fourth periodic report of Cyprus, adopted by the Committee at its sixtieth session (29 May–15 June 2012), CRC/C/CYP/CO/3-4 (2012). Par. 41. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhst6tBMkpDydMOp%2FOldKYSCTxZEEXqMQuMgbGGs5UVhYQ%2Bnm3csYNe2lhLdZR9LbV25V329zXVaI1KT5pQZ3ERfE9o%2BVaQjmjPeADlmN852mR
Other Health-related issues Finland CEDAW Education and information
28. The Committee urges the State party to take the necessary measures to address the deteriorating mental health situation of young girls, to prevent and combat the abuse of alcohol and use of drugs, and to prevent girls’ suicide. It also recommends awareness-raising and educational campaigns, in particular through the media, targeted at adolescents girls. ...
28. The Committee urges the State party to take the necessary measures to address the deteriorating mental health situation of young girls, to prevent and combat the abuse of alcohol and use of drugs, and to prevent girls’ suicide. It also recommends awareness-raising and educational campaigns, in particular through the media, targeted at adolescents girls.
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Draft concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women: Finland, CEDAW/C/FIN/CO/6 (2008). Par. 28. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsjuNjw8cUF3pRrdCdanf79mWk1Z%2BT6HAIGYdnNA%2FFyuEHT8kaK0yhnND%2F722Eic4hnJcTr5bEhHBG1D9CMdl5bPP5RB0WnebDSzUjs%2Fux728
Other Health-related issues Finland CESCR Education and information
12. The Committee recommends that the State party intensify its efforts to prevent and combat the persistent discrimination against persons with immigrant backgrounds and against persons belonging to national or ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities, including by adopting specific and targeted measures to address the problems faced by all minorities in having access to employment, housing, education and health care...
12. The Committee recommends that the State party intensify its efforts to prevent and combat the persistent discrimination against persons with immigrant backgrounds and against persons belonging to national or ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities, including by adopting specific and targeted measures to address the problems faced by all minorities in having access to employment, housing, education and health care and by undertaking awareness-raising campaigns.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Concluding observations on the sixth periodic report of Finland, E/C.12/FIN/CO/6 (2014). Par. 12. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuW8ONFvyIZeflVf46yTVq4vdYCo%2B6I8M8Sc2UMn8NF7eHC3J%2BPFRZNoBmWT3n58gXzkqESMSuyiSUQLWQEZnG3G%2FL6gW5qz5ypA7%2BNFvF9ErF
Food policy Denmark CRC Food and nutrition security
41. The Committee recommends that the State party continue and strengthen its efforts to manage overweight and obesity among children and pay close attention to child and adolescents health, taking into account the Committee’s general comment No. 4 (2003) on adolescents health and development in the context of the Convention. In particular, the State party is urged to strengthen...
41. The Committee recommends that the State party continue and strengthen its efforts to manage overweight and obesity among children and pay close attention to child and adolescents health, taking into account the Committee’s general comment No. 4 (2003) on adolescents health and development in the context of the Convention. In particular, the State party is urged to strengthen its efforts to prevent and combat obesity and to reduce and prevent malnutrition in Greenland. The Committee recommends that the State party continue to refine its policies on prenatal care in remote and rural areas to address the issue of high infant mortality.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIESUNDER ARTICLE 44 OF THE CONVENTION, CRC/C/DNK/CO/3 (2005). Par. 41. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsgIK9tmnWXdxaU%2FedXEEMqLfzDnhYnjjr3Qw1YRT1vqJfbHoJgbilpBBdsz3fKSsq8SfxAiCIc9%2FMl1OTRPbXATUwTtktlbYNiVSmHtg89fB
Food policy Denmark CRC Food and nutrition security
50. The Committee recommends that the State party strengthen its efforts to combat obesity among Children and/or adolescents, including by ensuring access to health advice and care, including in schools, to healthy foods, and to adequate opportunities for engaging in physical activity. In this respect, the Committee recommends that the State party engage the mass media and the food industry...
50. The Committee recommends that the State party strengthen its efforts to combat obesity among Children and/or adolescents, including by ensuring access to health advice and care, including in schools, to healthy foods, and to adequate opportunities for engaging in physical activity. In this respect, the Committee recommends that the State party engage the mass media and the food industry to ensure their contribution to healthy lifestyles and consumption patterns by Children and/or adolescents. The Committee also recommends that the authorities in the territories of Greenland and the Faroe Islands expeditiously prepare and implement appropriate programmes and strategies for preventing and addressing unwanted pregnancies.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 44 of the Convention, CRC/C/DNK/CO/4 (2011). Par. 50. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsgIK9tmnWXdxaU%2FedXEEMqKcd7sYWkk4RGqc5EziTaY42M9Qt6ueJQVJx0U4PnPnsp8ZZcPT4vYYrqCWgciFVK5qy0jO4L5F8OAboc8tzv%2FW
Food policy Tobacco control Denmark CRC Education and information Food and nutrition security
32. In view of the reports according to which the inhabitants of certain smaller settlements and towns in Greenland suffer from significant food shortages between January and May, which have a particularly negative impact on children from low-income families, the Committee recommends that the State party allocate adequate resources to ensure that all areas of Greenland have sufficient and healthy...
32. In view of the reports according to which the inhabitants of certain smaller settlements and towns in Greenland suffer from significant food shortages between January and May, which have a particularly negative impact on children from low-income families, the Committee recommends that the State party allocate adequate resources to ensure that all areas of Greenland have sufficient and healthy food reserves and to provide adequate benefits to low-income families to ensure that they can provide their children with sufficient and healthy food. In this regard, the Committee also recommends that the State party develop policies to ensure that healthy food choices are available and affordable in Greenland, and strengthen awareness-raising campaigns to promote the benefits of healthy eating for children. 33. While noting with appreciation that alcohol consumption among children in mainland Denmark has decreased, the Committee recommends that the State party continue addressing the incidence of drug use by Children and/or adolescents, with a particular emphasis on the situation in Greenland, by, inter alia, providing Children and/or adolescents with accurate and objective information, as well as life skills education, on preventing substance abuse (including tobacco and alcohol), and develop accessible and youth-friendly drug dependence treatment and harm reduction services.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of Denmark, CRC/C/DNK/CO/5 (2017). Par. 32 and 33. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsgIK9tmnWXdxaU%2FedXEEMqJrk8yrwetruHAHlCuvk7lIb6C66JpZees7wvtcoJhlEgwEf7VfhCW5afo%2B60Ay5phC4Cg9ZPD46%2F3NL1yVPqT3
Food policy Tobacco control Other Health-related issues Croatia CRC Food marketing regulations Tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship (TAPS)
47. State party strengthen measures to address alcohol and drug consumption and abuse, in general, as well as alcohol use by Children and/or adolescents, through education programmes and campaigns to promote healthy lifestyles, and ensure enforcement of regulations on the sale and advertising of alcohol and tobacco products to children. The Committee also recommends that the State party strengthen measures...
47. State party strengthen measures to address alcohol and drug consumption and abuse, in general, as well as alcohol use by Children and/or adolescents, through education programmes and campaigns to promote healthy lifestyles, and ensure enforcement of regulations on the sale and advertising of alcohol and tobacco products to children. The Committee also recommends that the State party strengthen measures to raise awareness on sexual and reproductive health, with special attention to sexually transmitted infections, and ensure systematic health education.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined fifth and sixth periodic reports of Croatia, CRC/C/HRV/CO/3-4 (2014). Par. 47. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsp7zGar7lD0FuXla4BEx9U7ftQDq0TPw1CFHNLPEe8G%2FfFTZ010rcpvYIzR2qbB51Nlb19f1Z1nUbN1ZkNCIN89jPGKrfbBi%2BAXB7aQiE313
Tobacco control Other Health-related issues Croatia CRC Education and information
35. (d) Address the incidence of drug use by Children and/or adolescents by, inter alia, providing Children and/or adolescents with accurate and objective information and life skills education on preventing substance abuse – including of tobacco and alcohol – and develop accessible and youth-friendly addiction treatment;...
35. (d) Address the incidence of drug use by Children and/or adolescents by, inter alia, providing Children and/or adolescents with accurate and objective information and life skills education on preventing substance abuse – including of tobacco and alcohol – and develop accessible and youth-friendly addiction treatment;
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined fifth and sixth periodic reports of Croatia, CRC/C/HRV/CO/5-6 (2022). Par. 35 (d). Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsp7zGar7lD0FuXla4BEx9U7RNJDXvowlo7%2F22sBKgyInpRWDYjeW0xLfC2evIWBQk6x%2FF4lWsrE5rMWP0Rb%2BWR3QzTXc8uxKk5%2BBXYvfThpd
Food policy Other Health-related issues Belarus CESCR
25. The Committee recommends that the State party effectively implement and enforce the existing legal and policy frameworks with regard to combating tobacco smoking, alcohol abuse and drug use and enhance its preventive measures, including but not limited to the promotion of healthy lifestyles and awareness-raising programmes about the serious health risks associated with such substance abuse. It also recommends...
25. The Committee recommends that the State party effectively implement and enforce the existing legal and policy frameworks with regard to combating tobacco smoking, alcohol abuse and drug use and enhance its preventive measures, including but not limited to the promotion of healthy lifestyles and awareness-raising programmes about the serious health risks associated with such substance abuse. It also recommends that the State party apply a human rights-based approach to the treatment of persons abusing alcohol and drug users, and provide appropriate health care, psychological support services and rehabilitation to such persons, including effective drug dependence treatment such as opioid substitution therapy.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Concluding observations on the combined fourth to sixth periodic reports of Belarus, E/C.12/BLR/CO/4-6 (2013). Par. 25. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuWzoufcs4rD6HOGEQguDH73ebwytTIqXJLJOJz4PD6B5lABS7ch8L%2FOb5RSFbdLA%2F%2B%2BSf%2FCn6kspnFTrnnrq%2FeMYP1wRUmM5wAkEA7BnQP%2F7c
Food policy Tobacco control Other Health-related issues Belarus CRC Food marketing regulations Schools and meals programs Education and information
32. (d) Identify and effectively address the causes of child malnutrition, including obesity, underweight, diabetes and vitamin and iodine deficiency; develop and monitor policies and programmes on child food security and nutrition, including school meal programmes and programmes addressing infants and young children; and regulate the marketing of unhealthy foods to children. 34. (a) Strengthen its efforts to prevent and...
32. (d) Identify and effectively address the causes of child malnutrition, including obesity, underweight, diabetes and vitamin and iodine deficiency; develop and monitor policies and programmes on child food security and nutrition, including school meal programmes and programmes addressing infants and young children; and regulate the marketing of unhealthy foods to children.
34. (a) Strengthen its efforts to prevent and address the incidence of alcohol and tobacco addiction, including by providing Children and/or adolescents with accurate and objective information and life skills education on preventing substance abuse, and develop specialized accessible and youth-friendly drug-dependence treatment and harm-reduction services;
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined fifth and sixth periodic reports of Belarus, CRC/C/BLR/CO/5-6 (2020). Par. 32 (B) and 34 (A). Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsng3QhcRVOo18YEahXg1g0FJuwmBoYaCZpwAR4rCCC4ZHA3LQ%2F3ORcdseLbECmStUlymRG5WkqL1goNtoTFYBuk5f76TGhWZ7rv5lxelLx00
Food policy Austria CESCR Food and nutrition security
17. The Committee further recommends that the State party guarantee the right to adequate food for people living in poverty, as set out in its general comment No. 12 (1999) on the right to adequate food and the Voluntary Guidelines to Support the Progressive Realization of the Right to Adequate Food in the Context of National Food Security adopted by...
17. The Committee further recommends that the State party guarantee the right to adequate food for people living in poverty, as set out in its general comment No. 12 (1999) on the right to adequate food and the Voluntary Guidelines to Support the Progressive Realization of the Right to Adequate Food in the Context of National Food Security adopted by the Food and Agriculture Organization.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Concluding observations on the fourth periodic reportof Austria, E/C.12/AUT/CO/4 (2013). Par. 17. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuW9RFfyUl9z%2BWiZSaFYknZJM9f7mKRfwhsR3yHjSPykkHfXXRXhVFvpG8yoeqQBAReXlTOQtz7VRbSHegEFOcXYSMG2t7AULQ4z%2Bp86ic9mXc
Tobacco control Other Health-related issues Austria CESCR Education and information
30. The Committee recommends that the State party educate young people about the risks of drug abuse and of tobacco and alcohol consumption, to intensify its campaigns against such abuse and excessive consumption, as well as its information campaigns for children, parents, teachers and the general public, and to ensure that adequate counselling services are available to all persons affected...
30. The Committee recommends that the State party educate young people about the risks of drug abuse and of tobacco and alcohol consumption, to intensify its campaigns against such abuse and excessive consumption, as well as its information campaigns for children, parents, teachers and the general public, and to ensure that adequate counselling services are available to all persons affected by drug, tobacco or alcohol addiction.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIESUNDER ARTICLES 16 AND 17 OF THE COVENANT, E/C.12/AUT/CO/3 (2006). Par. 30. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuW9RFfyUl9z%2BWiZSaFYknZJN96GgLe%2FMpOfCqU32imDmTyMGOsvR943E9SMGX9dFT9XaL%2BPCEISLzNMGT5eRVZWmqPtMrG9%2Bn0kFDsW3rzFhj
Food policy Tobacco control Austria CRC Education and information
51. The Committee recommends that the State party increase its efforts to address the needs of children from dysfunctional families and take measures to minimize the psychological effect of such family situations, and strengthen care and rehabilitation programmes for children suffering from alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and other illicit substance addiction, depression and obesity. With reference to its general comment No....
51. The Committee recommends that the State party increase its efforts to address the needs of children from dysfunctional families and take measures to minimize the psychological effect of such family situations, and strengthen care and rehabilitation programmes for children suffering from alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and other illicit substance addiction, depression and obesity. With reference to its general comment No. 4 (2003), the Committee recommends that the State party develop specialized and youth-friendly drug-dependence treatment and harm reduction services for children.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined third and fourth periodic report of Austria, adopted by the Committee at its sixty-first session (17 September – 5 October 2012), CRC/C/AUT/CO/3-4 (2012). Par. 51. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsvkrHee8tArE5cEO48WRQ1h00ljH5ZHteHxrVM46rpraZ7ndl8XubFOR97nr3JMbpBzVfWTZ9k84Eo09PjCCLg1mEIzcd16khois6p90u%2FG7
Food policy Austria CRC Nutritional surveillance
32. (a) Strengthen measures to address obesity in children and actions to promote a healthy lifestyle, including physical activity. ...
32. (a) Strengthen measures to address obesity in children and actions to promote a healthy lifestyle, including physical activity.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined fifth and sixth periodic reports of Austria, CRC/C/AUT/CO/5-6 (2020). Par. 32(a). Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsvkrHee8tArE5cEO48WRQ1gVMWjPAohzJdodkn0%2BhzkT3o0ypXMuZuHcJ2JrCvBAfWT2gxG4CnKP3OYI7GQNgUlNTid242NuiqJ%2BoqBOlISF
Food policy Tobacco control Madagascar CRC Industry interference
22. The Committee recommends that the State party establish and implement regulations to ensure that the business sector complies with international and domestic standards on corporate social responsibility, in line with the United Nations Business and Human Rights Framework , which outlines the duty of States to protect against human rights abuses by businesses; corporate responsibility to respect human rights;...
22. The Committee recommends that the State party establish and implement regulations to ensure that the business sector complies with international and domestic standards on corporate social responsibility, in line with the United Nations Business and Human Rights Framework , which outlines the duty of States to protect against human rights abuses by businesses; corporate responsibility to respect human rights; and the need for more effective access to remedies when violations occur. In doing so, the Committee encourages the State party to focus on the protection of the rights of the child and to investigate and provide remedies in reported cases of abuse by corporations and their executives. The Committee encourages the State party to consider the Human Rights Council r esolution 8/7 welcoming the report identifying the ¨Protect, Respect and Remedy¨ framework and r esolution 14/7 requesting the new Working Group to follow-up on this matter , both of which note that the rights of the child be included when exploring the relationship between business and human rights.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 44 of the Convention, CRC/C/MDG/CO/3-4 (2012). Par. 22. Available at: https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=CRC%2FC%2FMDG%2FCO%2F3-4&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False
Tobacco control Madagascar CRC FCTC ratification
4. (i)The Committee also welcomes the ratification of or accession to: (i)World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, in 2004....
4. (i)The Committee also welcomes the ratification of or accession to: (i)World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, in 2004.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 44 of the Convention, CRC/C/MDG/CO/3-4 (2012). Par. 4 (i). Available at: https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=CRC%2FC%2FMDG%2FCO%2F3-4&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False
Other Health-related issues Kenya CRC Education and information
50. With reference to the Committee’s general comment No. 4 (2003) on adolescents health and development , the Committee recommends that the State party: (e) Implement education programmes and campaigns to promote healthy lifestyles and to prevent drug and substance abuse by children, monitor the use of drugs and other substance s at schools with the participation of children ,...
50. With reference to the Committee’s general comment No. 4 (2003) on adolescents health and development , the Committee recommends that the State party: (e) Implement education programmes and campaigns to promote healthy lifestyles and to prevent drug and substance abuse by children, monitor the use of drugs and other substance s at schools with the participation of children , and develop accessible and youth-friendly drug and substance dependence treatment and harm reduction services as well as life skills education.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined third to fifth periodic reports of Kenya, CRC/C/KEN/CO/3-5 (2016). Par. 50 (e). Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2fPPRiCAqhKb7yhsiVXw3pS%2bUXH3S2uOz56XaHOlmQlXek9CSfHt61Gk52XYLAe1vtQx5jEtqe8Sh%2fkZmyOARonOIQzp0aD8yhV4yGRJhWSai5hxIps8r1I3Zk4
Food policy Tobacco control Other Health-related issues Kenya CRC Industry interference Environment and health
20. With reference to the Committee’s general comment No. 16 (2013) on State obligations regarding the impact of the business sector on children’s rights, the Committee recommends that the State party: (a) Establish a clear regulatory framework for business enterprises operating in the State party to ensure that their activities do not negatively affect child rights or breach environmental, health...
20. With reference to the Committee’s general comment No. 16 (2013) on State obligations regarding the impact of the business sector on children’s rights, the Committee recommends that the State party: (a) Establish a clear regulatory framework for business enterprises operating in the State party to ensure that their activities do not negatively affect child rights or breach environmental, health or labor standards, especially those relating to children; (b) Monitor the compliance of business enterprises with such regulations, as well as with international and national environmental, health and labor standards, and sanction appropriately and provide remedies when violations occur; (c) Be guided by the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (see A/HRC/17/31, annex).
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined third to fifth periodic reports of Kenya, CRC/C/KEN/CO/3-5 (2016). Par. 20. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2fPPRiCAqhKb7yhsiVXw3pS%2bUXH3S2uOz56XaHOlmQlXek9CSfHt61Gk52XYLAe1vtQx5jEtqe8Sh%2fkZmyOARonOIQzp0aD8yhV4yGRJhWSai5hxIps8r1I3Zk4
Other Health-related issues Cabo Verde CRC Education and information
64. The Committee welcomes the integration of adolescents health in the National Health Policy, and the creation of sexual and reproductive health services for adolescents in 2008. The Committee is, however, concerned about the high number of pregnancies among girls and the discrepancy in access to sexual and reproductive health services between urban and rural areas. The Committee notes the...
64. The Committee welcomes the integration of adolescents health in the National Health Policy, and the creation of sexual and reproductive health services for adolescents in 2008. The Committee is, however, concerned about the high number of pregnancies among girls and the discrepancy in access to sexual and reproductive health services between urban and rural areas. The Committee notes the training, education and awareness-raising activities to prevent the use of harmful drugs by children but remains concerned about their use by adolescents, with some starting to use drugs before the age of 15.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the second periodic report of Cabo Verde, CRC/C/CPV/CO/2, (2019). Par. 64. Available at: http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2fPPRiCAqhKb7yhslnBTpuuAw%2f%2b74cgBUuvp98ixU1BnIBw2XvKuz%2boZhvpu3frlJYR3qLMOOAJLG%2bHbp8qvThVvhusU7wjqqVZDtJH5qFG7JaN5wIum7H13UJN
Tobacco control Cabo Verde CRC Smoke and emissions’ free environments (SFE)
82. Recalling its general comment No. 17 (2013) on the right of the child to rest, leisure, play, recreational activities, cultural life and the arts, the Committee recommends that the State party take measures to provide children with safe, accessible, inclusive and smoke-free spaces for play and socialization at the community level....
82. Recalling its general comment No. 17 (2013) on the right of the child to rest, leisure, play, recreational activities, cultural life and the arts, the Committee recommends that the State party take measures to provide children with safe, accessible, inclusive and smoke-free spaces for play and socialization at the community level.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the second periodic report of Cabo Verde, CRC/C/CPV/CO/2, (2019). Par. 82. Available at: http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2fPPRiCAqhKb7yhslnBTpuuAw%2f%2b74cgBUuvp98ixU1BnIBw2XvKuz%2boZhvpu3frlJYR3qLMOOAJLG%2bHbp8qvThVvhusU7wjqqVZDtJH5qFG7JaN5wIum7H13UJN
Food policy South Africa CEDAW Access to water
38. The Committee calls on the State party to take the necessary measures to increase and strengthen the participation of women in designing and implementing local development plans, and to pay special attention to the needs of rural women, in particular women heads of household, by ensuring that they participate in decision-making processes and have improved access to health, education,...
38. The Committee calls on the State party to take the necessary measures to increase and strengthen the participation of women in designing and implementing local development plans, and to pay special attention to the needs of rural women, in particular women heads of household, by ensuring that they participate in decision-making processes and have improved access to health, education, clean water and sanitation services, fertile land and income-generation projects. The Committee also urges the State party to eliminate all forms of discrimination with respect to ownership, co-sharing and inheritance of land. It further urges the introduction of measures to address negative customs and traditional practices, especially in rural areas, which affect full enjoyment of the right to property by women.
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, CEDAW/C/ZAF/CO/4, (2011). Par. 38. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CEDAW%2fC%2fZAF%2fCO%2f4&Lang=en
Food policy South Africa CRC Food marketing regulations Nutritional surveillance Breastfeeding
53. The Committee welcomes the adoption of the Roadmap for Nutrition in South Africa 2013-2017, as well as the efforts made to facilitate breastfeeding. Nevertheless, the Committee is concerned at: (a)Child malnutrition, including undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies and overnutrition, as key contributing factors for child mortality and child morbidity; (b)Child food insecurity caused by, among other things, poverty, food price increases,...
53. The Committee welcomes the adoption of the Roadmap for Nutrition in South Africa 2013-2017, as well as the efforts made to facilitate breastfeeding. Nevertheless, the Committee is concerned at: (a)Child malnutrition, including undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies and overnutrition, as key contributing factors for child mortality and child morbidity; (b)Child food insecurity caused by, among other things, poverty, food price increases, demographic changes, energy costs and climate change; (c)The persistently low rate of exclusive breastfeeding of infants aged up to 6 months; (d)The inadequate nutritiousness of food provided in the school meal programme; (e)The increase in the prevalence of obesity among children and the aggressive marketing of unhealthy food targeting children. 54. Taking note of target 2.2 of the Sustainable Development Goals on ending all forms of malnutrition, the Committee recommends that the State party: (a) Develop and implement a framework law on the right to food, as envisaged in the National Policy on Food and Nutrition Security for the Republic of South Africa, of 2014, paying due attention to the eradication of child food insecurity and malnutrition; (b) Take all measures necessary to promote exclusive breastfeeding for at least six months, with appropriate guidance and support for breastfeeding by HIV-infected mothers, and to regulate the promotion of breast milk substitutes; (c) Strengthen the monitoring of the National School Nutrition Programme, including of the frequency, quality and nutritional value of the food supplied through the programme; (d) Regulate the marketing of unhealthy foods to children in order to address the rise in child obesity, and introduce strategies that enable poor households to access healthy food; (e) Seek technical assistance from UNICEF and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in this regard.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the second periodic report of South Africa, CRC/C/ZAF/CO/2, (2016). Par. 53 and 54. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fZAF%2fCO%2f2&Lang=en
Food policy South Africa CESCR Fiscal measures Nutritional surveillance
56. The Committee is concerned at the high incidence of food insecurity and malnutrition in the State party, particularly among children. Given the fact that, in the State party, 12 per cent of children lived in hunger in 2017 and 27 per cent of children suffered from stunting in 2016, the Committee is particularly concerned that the child support grant...
56. The Committee is concerned at the high incidence of food insecurity and malnutrition in the State party, particularly among children. Given the fact that, in the State party, 12 per cent of children lived in hunger in 2017 and 27 per cent of children suffered from stunting in 2016, the Committee is particularly concerned that the child support grant (at 400 rand per month) has been set far below the food poverty line and that an estimated 18 per cent of eligible children do not benefit from the grant, owing to a lack of documentation. It is further concerned at the lack of a framework law to ensurethe right to food (arts. 9 and 11).
57. The Committee recommends that the State party: (a) Increase the child support grant at least up to the level of the food poverty line; (b) Ensure that all eligible children benefit from the grant; (c) Expedite the adoption of the Social Assistance Amendment Bill of 2018 to increase the level of child support grants for orphaned and abandoned children living with relatives, for which it has already earmarked funds; (d) Adopt framework legislation protecting the right to adequate food and nutrition, and develop a national food and nutrition security strategy, taking into account the Voluntary Guidelines to Support the Progressive Realization of the Right to Adequate Food in the Context of National Food Security of 2004 and the Committee ’ s general comment No. 12 (1999) on the right to adequate food.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Concluding observations on the initial report of South Africa, E/C.12/ZAF/CO/1, (2018). Par. 56 and 57. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E%2fC.12%2fZAF%2fCO%2f1&Lang=en
Food policy Uruguay CRC Education and information Tobacco use
51. The Committee is concerned that, while tobacco, alcohol and drug consumption are widespread among adolescents, programmes and services for those affected by substance abuse remain limited. 52. The Committee recommends that the State party address the prevalence of substance abuse, including tobacco and alcohol abuse, provide children and adolescents with objective information in this respect, and develop accessible and youth-friendly...
51. The Committee is concerned that, while tobacco, alcohol and drug consumption are widespread among adolescents, programmes and services for those affected by substance abuse remain limited.
52. The Committee recommends that the State party address the prevalence of substance abuse, including tobacco and alcohol abuse, provide children and adolescents with objective information in this respect, and develop accessible and youth-friendly drug dependence treatment and harm reduction services.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined third to fifth periodic reports of Uruguay, CRC/C/URY/CO/3-5 (2015). Par.51 and par 52. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fURY%2fCO%2f3-5&Lang=en
Food policy Uruguay CESCR Fiscal measures Food marketing regulations Education and information
40. The Committee is concerned about the high rates of obesity in the State party and the lack of comprehensive, effective measures for addressing this problem (arts. 11 and 12). 41. The Committee recommends that the State party redouble its efforts to design a comprehensive national strategy for upholding the right to adequate food, along with programmes for promoting healthier diets....
40. The Committee is concerned about the high rates of obesity in the State party and the lack of comprehensive, effective measures for addressing this problem (arts. 11 and 12).
41. The Committee recommends that the State party redouble its efforts to design a comprehensive national strategy for upholding the right to adequate food, along with programmes for promoting healthier diets. It also recommends that this strategy cover matters relating to marketing, land use planning, education and fiscal policy and that all stakeholders take part in its development. The Committee refers the State party to its general comment No. 12 (1999) on the right to adequate food and to the Voluntary Guidelines to Support the Progressive Realization of the Right to Adequate Food in the Context of National Food Security adopted by the Council of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of Uruguay, E/C.12/URY/CO/5, (2017). Par. 40; 41. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E%2fC.12%2fURY%2fCO%2f5&Lang=en
Food policy Uruguay CRC Food and nutrition security
64. The Committee recommends that the State party: (b) Provide children living or working on the street with adequate nutrition, housing, necessary health-care and educational opportunities, as well as recovery and social reintegration services, while taking into account gender aspects and the views of the children in accordance with article 12....
64. The Committee recommends that the State party: (b) Provide children living or working on the street with adequate nutrition, housing, necessary health-care and educational opportunities, as well as recovery and social reintegration services, while taking into account gender aspects and the views of the children in accordance with article 12.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, CRC/C/URY/CO/2, (2007). Par. 64 (b). Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fURY%2fCO%2f2&Lang=en
Food policy Uruguay CRC Food and nutrition security
45. The Committee welcomes the State party’s efforts to improve the coverage of the National System of Health and welcomes the adoption of the National Programme on Rural Health. However, the Committee is concerned about the large number of children suffering from nutritional disorders, such as chronic malnutrition, anaemia and obesity. 46. In the light of its general comment No. ...
45. The Committee welcomes the State party’s efforts to improve the coverage of the National System of Health and welcomes the adoption of the National Programme on Rural Health. However, the Committee is concerned about the large number of children suffering from nutritional disorders, such as chronic malnutrition, anaemia and obesity.
46. In the light of its general comment No. 15 (2013) on the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health, the Committee recommends that the State party strengthen its efforts to ensure access to high- quality health services by all children, particularly children living in the most disadvantaged and remote areas of the country, and encourages the State party to develop policies and programmes to address chronic malnutrition and anaemia.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined third to fifth periodic reports of Uruguay, CRC/C/URY/CO/3-5, (2015). Par. 45-46. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fURY%2fCO%2f3-5&Lang=en
Tobacco control Peru CRC Tobacco use
55. The Committee recommends that the State party provide adequate access to mental health services to all children and take all necessary measures to fight drug, alcohol and tobacco addictions including, inter alia, by providing specific rehabilitation services....
55. The Committee recommends that the State party provide adequate access to mental health services to all children and take all necessary measures to fight drug, alcohol and tobacco addictions including, inter alia, by providing specific rehabilitation services.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Consideration of reports submitted by states parties under article 44 of the convention, Concluding observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child: Peru, CRC/C/PER/CO/3, (2006). Par. 55. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsndLtGe5EHJJCjWfHgz50miYzsJc%2FpBS7s7bEaQl4UhQgtHQMAIUtrXwbfqguGgALtrB1%2BqF%2FI0FZf7Watci%2B4%2BpnNinLNngSeiyqRNRB0lC
Food policy Peru CESCR Food and nutrition security
18. The Committee is concerned that a significant number of children still suffer from malnutrition, in particular those living in rural and remote areas (art.11). The Committee recommends that the State party intensify its efforts to combat and prevent malnutrition amongst children, in particular those living in rural and remote areas....
18. The Committee is concerned that a significant number of children still suffer from malnutrition, in particular those living in rural and remote areas (art.11).
The Committee recommends that the State party intensify its efforts to combat and prevent malnutrition amongst children, in particular those living in rural and remote areas.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under articles 16 and 17 of the Covenant, E/C.12/PER/CO/2-4, (2012). Par. 18. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E%2fC.12%2fPER%2fCO%2f2-4&Lang=en
Food policy Peru CESCR Food and nutrition security
16. The Committee is concerned about the situation of street children in the State party, as well as their high numbers (art.10). The Committee recommends that the State party address the situation and the high number of street children, with the aim of protecting these children and preventing and reducing this phenomenon. The Committee also recommends that these efforts focus on...
16. The Committee is concerned about the situation of street children in the State party, as well as their high numbers (art.10).
The Committee recommends that the State party address the situation and the high number of street children, with the aim of protecting these children and preventing and reducing this phenomenon. The Committee also recommends that these efforts focus on recovery and social reintegration services, as well as on ensuring adequate nutrition, housing, health care and educational opportunities.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under articles 16 and 17 of the Covenant, E/C.12/PER/CO/2-4, (2012). Par. 16. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E%2fC.12%2fPER%2fCO%2f2-4&Lang=en
Food policy Peru CRC Food and nutrition security
66. The Committee recommends that the State party: (a) Provide street children, in consultation with them, with recovery and social reintegration services as well as with adequate nutrition, housing, necessary health care and educational opportunities;...
66. The Committee recommends that the State party: (a) Provide street children, in consultation with them, with recovery and social reintegration services as well as with adequate nutrition, housing, necessary health care and educational opportunities;
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 44 of the Convention, CRC/C/PER/CO/3, (2006). Par. 66. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fPER%2fCO%2f3&Lang=en
Food policy Other Health-related issues Peru CRC Food and nutrition security
47. The Committee recommends that the State party: (a) Ensure basic health care and services to all children throughout the country and continue to address the problem of malnutrition, with special emphasis on rural and remote areas;...
47. The Committee recommends that the State party: (a) Ensure basic health care and services to all children throughout the country and continue to address the problem of malnutrition, with special emphasis on rural and remote areas;
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 44 of the Convention, CRC/C/PER/CO/3, (2006). Par. 47 (a). Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fPER%2fCO%2f3&Lang=en
Food policy Tobacco control Peru CRC Industry interference
24. In the light of its general comment s No. 16 (2013) on State obligations regarding the impact of the business sector on children’s rights and No. 11 (2009) on indigenous children and their rights under the Convention , the Committee recommends that the State party: (b) Require all companies to undertake assessments, consultations, and full public disclosure of the...
24. In the light of its general comment s No. 16 (2013) on State obligations regarding the impact of the business sector on children’s rights and No. 11 (2009) on indigenous children and their rights under the Convention , the Committee recommends that the State party: (b) Require all companies to undertake assessments, consultations, and full public disclosure of the environmental, health-related and human rights impacts of their business activities and their plans to address such impacts;
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined fourth and fifth periodic reports of Peru, CRC/C/PER/CO/4-5, (2016). Par. 24 (b). Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fPER%2fCO%2f4-5&Lang=en
Food policy Peru CRC Food and nutrition security
70. In the light of its general comment No. 10 (2007) on children’s rights in juvenile justice, the Committee urges the State party to bring its juvenile justice system fully into line with the Convention and other relevant standards. In particular, the State party should: (d) In cases where detention is unavoidable, ensure that detention conditions are compliant with international...
70. In the light of its general comment No. 10 (2007) on children’s rights in juvenile justice, the Committee urges the State party to bring its juvenile justice system fully into line with the Convention and other relevant standards. In particular, the State party should: (d) In cases where detention is unavoidable, ensure that detention conditions are compliant with international standards, including with regard to protection from violence, with adequate accommodation and access to food, education, health services and independent, child-sensitive complaints mechanisms;
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined fourth and fifth periodic reports of Peru, CRC/C/PER/CO/4-5, (2016). Par. 70 (d). Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fPER%2fCO%2f4-5&Lang=en
Food policy Peru CRC Food and nutrition security
68. The Committee recommends that the State party: (b) Adopt a comprehensive child-protection-based approach to dealing with children in street situations , focusing on ensuring adequate assistance for recovery and reintegration, nutrition, housing, health care and educational opportunities;...
68. The Committee recommends that the State party: (b) Adopt a comprehensive child-protection-based approach to dealing with children in street situations , focusing on ensuring adequate assistance for recovery and reintegration, nutrition, housing, health care and educational opportunities;
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined fourth and fifth periodic reports of Peru, CRC/C/PER/CO/4-5, (2016). Par. 68 (b). Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fPER%2fCO%2f4-5&Lang=en
Food policy Peru CRC Food and nutrition security
54. The Committee draws the State party’s attention to its general comment No. 15 (2013) on the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health, and recommends that the State party: (a) Continue to strengthen its efforts to address child mortality and malnutrition, focusing primarily on children living in poverty, children living in rural...
54. The Committee draws the State party’s attention to its general comment No. 15 (2013) on the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health, and recommends that the State party: (a) Continue to strengthen its efforts to address child mortality and malnutrition, focusing primarily on children living in poverty, children living in rural and remote areas and indigenous children. In this context, the State party should consider the t echnical guidance on the application of a human rights-based approach to the implementation of policies and programmes to reduce and eliminate preventable mortality and morbidity of children under 5 years of age (A/HRC/27/31);
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined fourth and fifth periodic reports of Peru, CRC/C/PER/CO/4-5, (2016). Par. 54 (a). Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fPER%2fCO%2f4-5&Lang=en
Tobacco control Mexico CRC Education and information Tobacco use
50. Referring to its general comments No. 4 (2003) on adolescents health and No. 15 (2013) on the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health, the Committee recommends that the State party: (d) Evaluate the consumption patterns of drugs by adolescents and strengthen the existing programmes aimed at preventing drug use and assisting...
50. Referring to its general comments No. 4 (2003) on adolescents health and No. 15 (2013) on the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health, the Committee recommends that the State party: (d) Evaluate the consumption patterns of drugs by adolescents and strengthen the existing programmes aimed at preventing drug use and assisting children who use drugs. Those programmes should provide children, in particular in schools, with accurate and objective information as well as life skills education on preventing substance abuse — including tobacco and alcohol — and develop accessible and youth-friendly drug dependence treatment and harm reduction services;
Committee on the Rights of the Child. CConcluding observations on the combined fourth and fifth
periodic reports of Mexico, CRC/C/MEX/CO/4-5, (2015). Par. 50 (d). Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fMEX%2fCO%2f4-5&Lang=en
Food policy Tobacco control Mexico CESCR Industry interference
11. The Committee recommends that the State party step up its efforts to ensure the prompt adoption of the National Action Plan on Business and Human Rights and to see to it that all relevant stakeholders participate in the processes of developing and implementing the Plan. In addition, it encourages the State party to adopt appropriate legislative and administrative measures...
11. The Committee recommends that the State party step up its efforts to ensure the prompt adoption of the National Action Plan on Business and Human Rights and to see to it that all relevant stakeholders participate in the processes of developing and implementing the Plan. In addition, it encourages the State party to adopt appropriate legislative and administrative measures to ensure that companies operating in the State party exercise due diligence in human rights matters in order to prevent their activities from having a negative impact on the exercise of economic, social and cultural rights. The Committee encourages the State party to consider implementing the recommendations made by the Working Group on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises in its report (A/HRC/35/32/Add.2) and refers it to the Committee’s general comment No. 24 (2017) on State obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in the context of business activities.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Concluding observations on the combined fifth and sixth periodic reports of Mexico E/C.12/MEX/CO/5-6, (2018). Par. 11. Available at: http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E%2fC.12%2fMEX%2fCO%2f5-6&Lang=en
Food policy Mexico CESCR Food and nutrition security
48. The Committee is concerned that there continute to be high levels of malnutrition and food insecurity, on the one hand, and rising levels of excess weight and obesity, on the other, which interferes with the effective enjoyment of the right to adequate food (art 11). 49. The Committee recommends that the State party develop a comprehensive national strategy for...
48. The Committee is concerned that there continute to be high levels of malnutrition and food insecurity, on the one hand, and rising levels of excess weight and obesity, on the other, which interferes with the effective enjoyment of the right to adequate food (art 11). 49. The Committee recommends that the State party develop a comprehensive national strategy for the protection and promotion of the right to adequate food in order to address food insecuirty in the different regions of the State party and to promote a healtheir diet, which, among other things, can reduce problems of excess weight and obesity.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Concluding observations on the combined fifth and sixth periodic reports of Mexico E/C.12/MEX/CO/5-6, (2018). Pars . 48; 49. Available at: http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E%2fC.12%2fMEX%2fCO%2f5-6&Lang=en
Other Health-related issues Mexico CESCR Education and information
15. (a) The Committee recommends that the State party redouble its efforts to prevent teenage pregnancy by, inter alia, ensuring that school programmes on sexual and reproductive health are age-appropriate and properly implemented and conducting campaigns to raise awareness among the general public of the negative impact of teenage pregnancy....
15. (a) The Committee recommends that the State party redouble its efforts to prevent teenage pregnancy by, inter alia, ensuring that school programmes on sexual and reproductive health are age-appropriate and properly implemented and conducting campaigns to raise awareness among the general public of the negative impact of teenage pregnancy.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Concluding observations on the combined fifth and sixth periodic reports of Mexico E/C.12/MEX/CO/5-6, (2018). Par. 15 (d). Available at: http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E%2fC.12%2fMEX%2fCO%2f5-6&Lang=en
Food policy Mexico CRC Nutritional surveillance Physical activity
58.The Committee is concerned about the lack of recreational activities, in particular sports facilities and playgrounds, and about the insufficiency of resources and infrastructure to guarantee the right to sport and leisure. The Committee notes with concern the relation between the lack of implementation of this right and the increase of child obesity. 59. The Committee recommends that the State party...
58.The Committee is concerned about the lack of recreational activities, in particular sports facilities and playgrounds, and about the insufficiency of resources and infrastructure to guarantee the right to sport and leisure. The Committee notes with concern the relation between the lack of implementation of this right and the increase of child obesity.
59. The Committee recommends that the State party ensure that all children have access to sport and recreational activities by:
(a) Increasing the hours and quality of sports programmes in schools;
(b) Developing specific sports and leisure programmes for children and adolescents;
(c) Increasing allocation of resources for the development of infrastructure and of recreational and cultural activities.
Committee on the Rights of the Child. Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 44 of the Convention, CRC/C/MEX/CO/3, (2006). Par. 58 and Par. 59. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fMEX%2fCO%2f3&Lang=en
Food policy Other Health-related issues Mexico CRC Fiscal measures Food and nutrition security Environment and health
48.The Committee welcomes the emphasis on children’s health of the National Development Plan for 2001-2006 and the National Health Programme for 2001-2006.The Committee also welcomes the decrease of malnutrition rates in urban areas, the decrease of the mortality rates for children under 1 year and for children under 5 years of age related to infection diseases, as well as the...
48.The Committee welcomes the emphasis on children’s health of the National Development Plan for 2001-2006 and the National Health Programme for 2001-2006.The Committee also welcomes the decrease of malnutrition rates in urban areas, the decrease of the mortality rates for children under 1 year and for children under 5 years of age related to infection diseases, as well as the high vaccination coverage.The Committee remains concerned at the high rates of maternal mortality, the emergence of obesity and the low percentage of the GDP allocated to health.The Committee remains deeply concerned that post‑natal health care is still inadequate and that mortality and malnutrition rates, as well as other health indicators, are significantly worse in rural and remote areas and for indigenous mothers and children.
49. The Committee reiterates its previous recommendations (see document CRC/C/15/Add.112, paras. 26 and 27), in particular, its recommendation that the State party implement all necessary measures to reduce the persistence of regional disparities in access to health care, the high rates of malnutrition among children under 5 years of age and those of school age, especially in rural and remote areas and among children belonging CRC/C/MEX/CO/3 page 12 to indigenous groups. It also recommends developing interventions programmes for the new challenges that emerge from the globalization and the urbanization process: child obesity as well as environmental health.
Committee on the Rights of the Child. Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 44 of the Convention, CRC/C/MEX/CO/3, (2006). Par. 48 and 49. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fMEX%2fCO%2f3&Lang=en
Other Health-related issues Mexico CRC Education and information
53. The Committee recommends that the State party, taking into account the Committee’s general comment No. 3 (2003) on HIV/AIDS and the rights of the child and the International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights: (a) Strengthen its efforts to combat HIV/AIDS, including through awareness-raising campaigns....
53. The Committee recommends that the State party, taking into account the Committee’s general comment No. 3 (2003) on HIV/AIDS and the rights of the child and
the International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights: (a) Strengthen its efforts to combat HIV/AIDS, including through awareness-raising campaigns.
Committee on the Rights of the Child. Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 44 of the Convention, CRC/C/MEX/CO/3, (2006). Par. 53 (a). Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fMEX%2fCO%2f3&Lang=en
Food policy Mexico CRC Food marketing regulations Education and information Breastfeeding
48. The Committee draws the State party’s attention to its general comment No. 15 (2013) on the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health, and recommends that the State party: (d) Increase efforts to promote breastfeeding through educational campaigns and training to professionals, adequately implement the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes...
48. The Committee draws the State party’s attention to its general comment No. 15 (2013) on the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health, and recommends that the State party: (d) Increase efforts to promote breastfeeding through educational campaigns and training to professionals, adequately implement the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes and the Child-friendly Hospital Initiative; (e) Continue raising awareness at the national, federal and local levels on the negative health impacts of processed food and strengthen regulations to restrict advertising and marketing of junk, salty, sugary and fatty foods and their availability to children.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined fourth and fifth periodic reports of Mexico, Par. 48 (d) and (e). Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fMEX%2fCO%2f4-5&Lang=en
Food policy Mexico CRC Food and nutrition security Breastfeeding
47. The Committee notes the measures taken by the State party to reduce child and maternal mortality. However, it is concerned that: (c)Child chronic malnutrition is persistent, especially among indigenous and rural children; (d) Exclusive breastfeeding is decreasing; (e) The number of children who are overweight or obese is increasing....
47. The Committee notes the measures taken by the State party to reduce child and maternal mortality. However, it is concerned that: (c)Child chronic malnutrition is persistent, especially among indigenous and rural children; (d) Exclusive breastfeeding is decreasing; (e) The number of children who are overweight or obese is increasing.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined fourth and fifth periodic reports of Mexico, Par. 47 (c)(d)(e). Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fMEX%2fCO%2f4-5&Lang=en
Food policy Tobacco control Mexico CRC Industry interference
52. The Committee recommends that the State party: (c) Further examine and adapt its legislative framework to ensure the legal accountability of business enterprises involved in activities having a negative impact on the environment, in the light of its general comment No. 16 (2013) on State obligations regarding the impact of the business sector on children’s rights....
52. The Committee recommends that the State party: (c) Further examine and adapt its legislative framework to ensure the legal accountability of business enterprises involved in activities having a negative impact on the environment, in the light of its general comment No. 16 (2013) on State obligations regarding the impact of the business sector on children’s rights.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined fourth and fifth periodic reports of Mexico, CRC/C/MEX/CO/4-5, (2015). Par. 52 (c). Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fMEX%2fCO%2f4-5&Lang=en
Food policy Jamaica CESCR Food production Education and information Food and nutrition security
26. The Committee takes note of the difficulties faced by the State party to guarantee the right to adequate food by way of local production due to the frequency of natural hazards, inefficient farming practices, lack of suitable land, and increases in commodity prices. While noting the importance of food importation to meet the dietary needs of the population, the...
26. The Committee takes note of the difficulties faced by the State party to guarantee the right to adequate food by way of local production due to the frequency of natural hazards, inefficient farming practices, lack of suitable land, and increases in commodity prices. While noting the importance of food importation to meet the dietary needs of the population, the Committee is concerned at the information provided by the State party that exposure to cheaper imports based on new trading agreements has led to the displacement of local farmers (art. 11).
The Committee recommends that the State party adopt effective long-term strategies aimed at improving domestic productivity in a sustainable manner and building the capacity of local farmers, taking into account the Committee’s general comment N o. 12 (1999) on the right to adequate food. It also reminds the State party to assess the adverse impact of any trade agreements on the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights of the population, and provide detailed information in its next State party report concerning trade agreements entered by the State party and their impact on the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights, particularly among local farmers.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Concluding observations on the combined third and fourth periodic reports of Jamaica, E/C.12/JAM/CO/3-4, (2013). Par. 26. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E%2fC.12%2fJAM%2fCO%2f3-4&Lang=en
Food policy Jamaica CRC Breastfeeding
44. The Committee is concerned, however, about perinatal mortality levels, the increase in maternal mortality, persistent levels of undernourishment among the poorest children, the general shortage of health-care providers and the lack of access by children to quality health care, the low levels of breastfeeding and the high proportion of children classified as overweight or obese. 45. The Committee, in...
44. The Committee is concerned, however, about perinatal mortality levels, the increase in maternal mortality, persistent levels of undernourishment among the poorest children, the general shortage of health-care providers and the lack of access by children to quality health care, the low levels of breastfeeding and the high proportion of children classified as overweight or obese.
45. The Committee, in the light of its general comment No. 15 (2013) on the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health ( art. 24), recommends that the State party: (f) Combat obesity among children , intensify measures to raise awareness of healthy nutrition among parents, children and the public in general , and promote healthy eating habits , particularly among young Children and/or adolescents.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined third and fourth periodic reports of Jamaica, CRC/C/JAM/CO/3-4, (2015). Par. 44; 45 (f). Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fJAM%2fCO%2f3-4&Lang=en
Food policy El Salvador CRC Food and nutrition security
18. The Committee recommends that the State party: (a) Address the issue of budget allocations for children not simply as a matter of expenditures in the areas of child protection, but in a more holistic approach which covers health, education, food and food security, water, basic sanitation, recreation, prevention of violence, etc.;...
18. The Committee recommends that the State party: (a) Address the issue of budget allocations for children not simply as a matter of expenditures in the areas of child protection, but in a more holistic approach which covers health, education, food and food security, water, basic sanitation, recreation, prevention of violence, etc.;
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 44 of the Convention-Concluding observations: El Salvador, CRC/C/SLV/CO/3-45, (2010). Par. 18 (a). Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsgtf1aThfVVm05W8AtfqlZw2z7yjg5PIx7eooXMdu16buiYiWJo8n8qDm389cijnOUYwmge6JHXgKe1EJfjy1Jgf4SXauL13HOKtGALSTGTr
Food policy Ecuador CESCR Food and nutrition security Access to water
20.The Committee recommends that Parliament complete ratification of the constitutional amendments guaranteeing the right to food and access to water in the Constitution. It also urges the State party to step up its efforts to prevent and combat child malnutrition, in particular among children in rural and remote areas....
20.The Committee recommends that Parliament complete ratification of the constitutional amendments guaranteeing the right to food and access to water in the Constitution. It also urges the State party to step up its efforts to prevent and combat child malnutrition, in particular among children in rural and remote areas.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Concluding observations on the combined third, fourth and fifth periodic reports of El Salvador, E/C.12/SLV/CO/3-5, (2014). Par. 20. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuW%2FH%2F4vptEr4hUabmo93cgAjuk%2Be%2FTjLCpS4Ww%2FB11TCG6EB2ho9sBjXjzJGxpygdFju10BRCHjuzKeke6acT1U0vLTAET8ayYsS6XOr1uzYd
Food policy Tobacco control El Salvador CRC Education and information Food and nutrition security Tobacco use
37. The Committee is concerned about the unavailability of specialized health facilities for children aged older than 12 years and the number of children consuming alcohol, tobacco and drugs, and recommends that the State party: (a) Make specialized health facilities available for children aged older than...
37. The Committee is concerned about the unavailability of specialized health facilities for children aged older than 12 years and the number of children consuming alcohol, tobacco and drugs, and recommends that the State party:
(a) Make specialized health facilities available for children aged older than 12 years;
(b) Continue taking measures to address alcohol, drug and tobacco use among adolescents, including through awareness-raising programmes and campaigns, strengthen the regulation of alcohol and tobacco sales, and develop accessible and youth-friendly drug dependence treatment and harm-reduction services.
39. The Committee remains concerned about the incidence of child malnutrition, mostly among children in situations of poverty and, taking note of target 2.2 of the Sustainable Development Goals on ending all forms of malnutrition, recommends that the State party:
(a) Address the underlying causes of child malnutrition, including economic deprivation;
(b) Continue to invest in measures to promote exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months;
(c) Strengthen measures to address the issue of overweight children and childhood obesity in both urban and rural areas;
(d) Systematically collect data on children ’ s food security and nutrition.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined fifth and sixth periodic reports of El Salvador, CRC/C/SLV/CO/5-6 (2018). Par. 37 and par. 39. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2FC%2FSLV%2FCO%2F5-6&Lang=en
Food policy Other Health-related issues El Salvador CESCR Education and information Food and nutrition security
27. (c)Ensure that lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex persons are able to enjoy their economic, social and cultural rights and have access to health, education, employment, housing, poverty reduction and food security programmes....
27. (c)Ensure that lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex persons are able to enjoy their economic, social and cultural rights and have access to health, education, employment, housing, poverty reduction and food security programmes.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Concluding observations on the sixth periodic report of El Salvador, E/C.12/SLV/CO/6, (2022). Par. 27 (c). Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuW%2FH%2F4vptEr4hUabmo93cgAjz7LVpr9z26A9Rc%2FsizORElhUCbF%2BWp%2BHgNKqdIw15eiBItPXNBkHPGa5DAAXW5om040rkX0RIZgYIfUmG4p21
Food policy Ecuador CESCR Fiscal measures Nutritional surveillance
43. The Committee is also concerned at the rates of malnutrition in the State party, a problem which disproportionately affects children and adolescents. Lastly, the Committee is also concerned about barriers faced by campesino and Montubio people in enjoying access to seeds (art. 11). 44. The Committee recommends that the State party: (d) Recognize the situation of malnutrition as a national...
43. The Committee is also concerned at the rates of malnutrition in the State party, a problem which disproportionately affects children and adolescents. Lastly, the Committee is also concerned about barriers faced by campesino and Montubio people in enjoying access to seeds (art. 11).
44. The Committee recommends that the State party: (d) Recognize the situation of malnutrition as a national priority and adopt a comprehensive policy to address malnutrition, with sufficient human and financial resources.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Concluding observations on the fourth periodic report of Ecuador, E/C.12/ECU/CO/4, (2019). Par. 43. and Par. 44 (d). Available at: http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuW20%2bcOfdvJEUdqkza02UbxazKNyMi%2fruleeTZAtZO5G2lYiDPlwFndzCBj%2fKdd2Eafzqt4JieRE%2bnzDcrG%2f2j3sBMe%2bTgfTYnd5FBaO8qvi%2b
Food policy Ecuador CESCR Nutritional surveillance
24. The Committee recommends that the State party work with civil society to draw up municipal maps showing the location of population sectors subject to food and nutritional insecurity and that it compile disaggregated information for use in setting priorities for the development of measures to combat malnutrition and mechanisms for monitoring progress towards the achievement of proposed targets. The...
24. The Committee recommends that the State party work with civil society to draw up municipal maps showing the location of population sectors subject to food and nutritional insecurity and that it compile disaggregated information for use in setting priorities for the development of measures to combat malnutrition and mechanisms for monitoring progress towards the achievement of proposed targets. The Committee recommends that the State party expand upon the existing legal framework for the protection of the right to food and that it supplement the Food Sovereignty Organization Act with provisions designed to safeguard food sovereignty.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Concluding observations of the Committee on the third periodic report of Ecuador as approved by the Committee at its forty-ninth session (14–30 November 2012), E/C.12/ECU/CO/3, (2012). Par. 24. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E%2fC.12%2fECU%2fCO%2f3&Lang=en
Food policy Tobacco control Ecuador CRC Fiscal measures
33. With reference to its general comment No. 15 (2013) on the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health and taking note of target 3.2 of the Sustainable Development Goals to end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age. 19. the Committee recommends that the State party: (c) Ensure...
33. With reference to its general comment No. 15 (2013) on the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health and taking note of target 3.2 of the Sustainable Development Goals to end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age. 19. the Committee recommends that the State party: (c) Ensure sufficient budget allocation and accountability mechanisms for universal coverage of vaccination s and the provision of nutrients and minerals , as well as programmes to combat child and maternal mortality and malnutrition;
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined fifth and sixth periodic reports of Ecuador, CRC/C/ECU/CO/5-6, (2017). Par. 33 (c). Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fECU%2fCO%2f5-6&Lang=en
Food policy Ecuador CRC Nutritional surveillance
11. the Committee recommends that the State party: (b) Set up a data-collection system on chronic malnutrition, in particular in rural areas, and on different forms of violence against children; ...
11. the Committee recommends that the State party: (b) Set up a data-collection system on chronic malnutrition, in particular in rural areas, and on different forms of violence against children;
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined fifth and sixth periodic reports of Ecuador, CRC/C/ECU/CO/5-6, (2017). Par. 11 (b). Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fECU%2fCO%2f5-6&Lang=en
Food policy Ecuador CRC Fiscal measures
10. While noting the information concerning the increase in social investment as a proportion of the general State budget, with reference to its general comment No. 19 (2016) on public budgeting for the realization of children' s rights , the Committee recommends that the State party: (...) (b) Allocate resources for the rights of all children, including for the eradication...
10. While noting the information concerning the increase in social investment as a proportion of the general State budget, with reference to its general comment No. 19 (2016) on public budgeting for the realization of children' s rights , the Committee recommends that the State party: (...) (b) Allocate resources for the rights of all children, including for the eradication of multidimensional poverty in early childhood, eradication of child malnutrition, comprehensive protection of children, and actions to tackle violence against children.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined fifth and sixth periodic reports of Ecuador, CRC/C/ECU/CO/5-6, (2017). Par. 10 (b). Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fECU%2fCO%2f5-6&Lang=en
Food policy Ecuador CRC Food and nutrition security
58. The Committee recommends that the State party increase its effort to provide vulnerable and marginalized children, including indigenous and Afro-Ecuadorian children, with material assistance and support programmes, particularly with regard to nutrition, clothing and housing in accordance with article 27 of the Convention....
58. The Committee recommends that the State party increase its effort to provide vulnerable and marginalized children, including indigenous and Afro-Ecuadorian children, with material assistance and support programmes, particularly with regard to nutrition, clothing and housing in accordance with article 27 of the Convention.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 44 of the Convention, CRC/C/15/Add.262, (2005). Par. 58. Available at: http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2fPPRiCAqhKb7yhsgnXZ0ChBsrwmcy8%2f%2bFNoDG5U%2bAtDQEFDRJVKzURIlxEnCpy6qD8jkC7hsgqMfcsNcNynqEEhdij3ObGrap%2fo0vf8uqhF9I%2fe7wyNLHOb931
Food policy Ecuador CRC Food and nutrition security Breastfeeding
52. The Committee recommends that the State party strengthen its efforts to improve the health situation of children in the State party and improve access to quality health services and address the issue of malnutrition, particularly in rural and remote areas. The Committee also recommends that the State party strengthen the “Mother-and-child friendly hospitals” Initiative and update training manuals for...
52. The Committee recommends that the State party strengthen its efforts to improve the health situation of children in the State party and improve access to quality health services and address the issue of malnutrition, particularly in rural and remote areas. The Committee also recommends that the State party strengthen the “Mother-and-child friendly hospitals” Initiative and update training manuals for health professionals on the promotion and protection of breastfeeding.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 44 of the Convention, CRC/C/15/Add.262, (2005). Par. 52. Available at: http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2fPPRiCAqhKb7yhsgnXZ0ChBsrwmcy8%2f%2bFNoDG5U%2bAtDQEFDRJVKzURIlxEnCpy6qD8jkC7hsgqMfcsNcNynqEEhdij3ObGrap%2fo0vf8uqhF9I%2fe7wyNLHOb931
Food policy Ecuador CRC Food and nutrition security
39. The Committee recommends that the State party continue and strengthen policies and programmes to address issues related to the right to life, survival and development of children, and continue to pay particular attention to addressing the problems of child mortality and chronic malnutrition. ...
39. The Committee recommends that the State party continue and strengthen policies and programmes to address issues related to the right to life, survival and development of children, and continue to pay particular attention to addressing the problems of child mortality and chronic malnutrition.
Committee on the rights of the Child, Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 44 of the Convention-Concluding observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child: Ecuador, CRC/C/ECU/CO/4, (2010). Par. 39. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fECU%2fCO%2f4&Lang=en
Food policy Tobacco control CRC Food marketing regulations Digital environment Tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship (TAPS)
97. States should encourage the use of digital technologies to promote healthy lifestyles, including physical and social activity. States should regulate targeted or age-inappropriate advertising, marketing or service designed to prevent children’s exposure to the promotion of unhealthy food and beverages, alcohol, drugs, tobacco and other nicotine products. Such regulations relating to the digital environment should be compatible with and...
97. States should encourage the use of digital technologies to promote healthy lifestyles, including physical and social activity. States should regulate targeted or age-inappropriate advertising, marketing or service designed to prevent children’s exposure to the promotion of unhealthy food and beverages, alcohol, drugs, tobacco and other nicotine products. Such regulations relating to the digital environment should be compatible with and keep pace with regulation in the offline environment.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, General comment No. 25 (2021) on children’s rights in relation to the digital environment, CRC/C/GC/25, (2021), Par. 97. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsqIkirKQZLK2M58RF%2F5F0vEG%2BcAAx34gC78FwvnmZXGFUl9nJBDpKR1dfKekJxW2w9nNryRsgArkTJgKelqeZwK9WXzMkZRZd37nLN1bFc2t
Food policy Tobacco control CRC Food marketing regulations Digital environment Tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship (TAPS)
97. States parties should encourage the use of digital technologies to promote healthy lifestyles, including physical and social activity. They should regulate targeted or age-inappropriate advertising, marketing and other relevant digital services to prevent children’s exposure to the promotion of unhealthy products, including certain food and beverages, alcohol, drugs and tobacco and other nicotine products. Such regulations relating to the...
97. States parties should encourage the use of digital technologies to promote healthy lifestyles, including physical and social activity. They should regulate targeted or age-inappropriate advertising, marketing and other relevant digital services to prevent children’s exposure to the promotion of unhealthy products, including certain food and beverages, alcohol, drugs and tobacco and other nicotine products. Such regulations relating to the digital environment should be compatible and keep pace with regulations in the offline environment.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General comment No. 25 (2021) - on children’s rights in relation to the digital environment, CRC/C/GC/25, (2021), Par. 97. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC/C/GC/25&Lang=en
Food policy Tobacco control CRC Food marketing regulations Digital environment Tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship (TAPS)
41. States parties should make the best interests of the child a primary consideration when regulating advertising and marketing addressed to and accessible to children. Sponsorship, product placement and all other forms of commercially driven content should be clearly distinguished from all other content and should not perpetuate gender or racial stereotypes. 42. States parties should prohibit by law the profiling...
41. States parties should make the best interests of the child a primary consideration when regulating advertising and marketing addressed to and accessible to children. Sponsorship, product placement and all other forms of commercially driven content should be clearly distinguished from all other content and should not perpetuate gender or racial stereotypes.
42. States parties should prohibit by law the profiling or targeting of children of any age for commercial purposes on the basis of a digital record of their actual or inferred characteristics, including group or collective data, targeting by association or affinity profiling. Practices that rely on neuromarketing, emotional analytics, immersive advertising and advertising in virtual and augmented reality environments to promote products, applications and services should also be prohibited from engagement directly or indirectly with children.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General comment No. 25 (2021) - on children’s rights in relation to the digital environment, CRC/C/GC/25, (2021), Par. 41; 42. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC/C/GC/25&Lang=en
Food policy Tobacco control CRC Industry interference Digital environment
38. States parties should require the business sector to undertake child rights due diligence, in particular to carry out child rights impact assessments and disclose them to the public, with special consideration given to the differentiated and, at times, severe impacts of the digital environment on children. They should take appropriate steps to prevent, monitor, investigate and punish child rights...
38. States parties should require the business sector to undertake child rights due diligence, in particular to carry out child rights impact assessments and disclose them to the public, with special consideration given to the differentiated and, at times, severe impacts of the digital environment on children. They should take appropriate steps to prevent, monitor, investigate and punish child rights abuses by businesses.
39. In addition to developing legislation and policies, States parties should require all businesses that affect children’s rights in relation to the digital environment to implement regulatory frameworks, industry codes and terms of services that adhere to the highest standards of ethics, privacy and safety in relation to the design, engineering, development, operation, distribution and marketing of their products and services. That includes businesses that target children, have children as end users or otherwise affect children. They should require such businesses to maintain high standards of transparency and accountability and encourage them to take measures to innovate in the best interests of the child. They should also require the provision of age-appropriate explanations to children, or to parents and caregivers for very young children, of their terms of service.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General comment No. 25 (2021) - on children’s rights in relation to the digital environment, CRC/C/GC/25, (2021), Par. 37; 38. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC/C/GC/25&Lang=en
Other Health-related issues CRC N/A
37. States parties have a duty to protect children from infringements of their rights by business enterprises, including the right to be protected from all forms of violence in the digital environment. Although businesses may not be directly involved in perpetrating harmful acts, they can cause or contribute to violations of children’s right to freedom from violence, including through the...
37. States parties have a duty to protect children from infringements of their rights by business enterprises, including the right to be protected from all forms of violence in the digital environment. Although businesses may not be directly involved in perpetrating harmful acts, they can cause or contribute to violations of children’s right to freedom from violence, including through the design and operation of digital services. States parties should put in place, monitor and enforce laws and regulations aimed at preventing violations of the right to protection from violence, as well as those aimed at investigating, adjudicating on and redressing violations as they occur in relation to the digital environment.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General comment No. 25 (2021) - on children’s rights in relation to the digital environment, CRC/C/GC/25, (2021), Par. 36. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC/C/GC/25&Lang=en
Food policy Tobacco control CRC Digital environment
23. States parties should review, adopt and update national legislation in line with international human rights standards, to ensure that the digital environment is compatible with the rights set out in the Convention and the Optional Protocols thereto. Legislation should remain relevant, in the context of technological advances and emerging practices. They should mandate the use of child rights impact...
23. States parties should review, adopt and update national legislation in line with international human rights standards, to ensure that the digital environment is compatible with the rights set out in the Convention and the Optional Protocols thereto. Legislation should remain relevant, in the context of technological advances and emerging practices. They should mandate the use of child rights impact assessments to embed children’s rights into legislation, budgetary allocations and other administrative decisions relating to the digital environment and promote their use among public bodies and businesses relating to the digital environment.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General comment No. 25 (2021) - on children’s rights in relation to the digital environment, CRC/C/GC/25, (2021), Par. 23. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC/C/GC/25&Lang=en. Other resources
Terminology glossary: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CRC/Shared%20Documents/1_Global/INT_CRC_INF_9314_E.pdf
Explanatory notes:
https://5rightsfoundation.com/uploads/ExplanatoryNotes_UNCRCGC25.pdf
Child-friendly version:
https://5rightsfoundation.com/In_Our_Own_Words_Young_Peoples_Version_Online.pdf
Food policy Costa Rica CESCR Breastfeeding
45. The Committee recommends that the State party adopt the measures needed to promote exclusive breastfeeding in accordance with World Health Assembly resolutions, including by introducing breastfeeding breaks and ensuring support for breastfeeding in the workplace. It also encourages the State party to take the necessary steps to ensure that women of childbearing age have access to adequate food....
45. The Committee recommends that the State party adopt the measures needed to promote exclusive breastfeeding in accordance with World Health Assembly resolutions, including by introducing breastfeeding breaks and ensuring support for breastfeeding in the workplace. It also encourages the State party to take the necessary steps to ensure that women of childbearing age have access to adequate food.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of Costa Rica, E/C.12/CRI/CO/5, (2016). Par. 45. Available at: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuW%2FlJb5himUu8z00PmnT%2BwQx%2B9J8SAyu4CC5wM75p5MNme4vrEAFQjFmDIYPkg2oz42o7PM2Tdr%2BCUXvcfpKkmG8UXJ1IO70nNukNgVf3y6FX
Food policy Colombia CESCR Food and nutrition security
21. The Committee is concerned about the high malnutrition rate which affects a considerable number of children and women, in particular among internally displaced groups, as well as persons living in rural areas. The Committee firmly recommends that the State party adopt an effective national food policy to combat hunger and malnutrition, in particular among children, women, internally displaced persons...
21. The Committee is concerned about the high malnutrition rate which affects a considerable number of children and women, in particular among internally displaced groups, as well as persons living in rural areas. The Committee firmly recommends that the State party adopt an effective national food policy to combat hunger and malnutrition, in particular among children, women, internally displaced persons and persons living in rural areas.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Consideration of reports submitted by States Parties under Articles 16 and 17 of the Covenant, E/C.12/COL/CO/5, (2010). Par. 21. Available at: http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E%2fC.12%2fCOL%2fCO%2f5&Lang=en
Food policy Tobacco control Colombia CRC Industry interference
17. The Committee is concerned about the negative impact on children's rights of some of the activities conducted by business enterprises, in particular in the mining and tourism sectors. 18. In light of its general comment No. 16 (2013) on State obligations regarding the impact of the business sector on children's rights, the Committee recommends that the State party...(a) Examine and...
17. The Committee is concerned about the negative impact on children's rights of some of the activities conducted by business enterprises, in particular in the mining and tourism sectors.
18. In light of its general comment No. 16 (2013) on State obligations regarding the impact of the business sector on children's rights, the Committee recommends that the State party...(a) Examine and adapt its legislative framework to ensure the legal accountability of business enterprises and their subsidiaries operating in or managed from the State party´s territory, especially in the mining and tourism sectors, regarding violations of children’s rights; (b) Require companies to undertake assessments, consultations and full public disclosure of the environmental, health-related and human rights impacts of their business activities and their plans to address such impacts; (c) Establish monitoring mechanisms for the investigation and redress of such abuses, with a view to improving accountability, transparency and the prevention of violations.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined fourth and fifth periodic reports of Colombia, CRC/C/COL/CO/4-5, (2015). Par. 17; 18 (a-c). Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fCOL%2fCO%2f4-5&Lang=en
Food policy Tobacco control Colombia CESCR Industry interference
12. While the Committee welcomes the efforts made by the State party in adopting a National Plan on Business and Human Rights, it is concerned that the Plan does not incorporate appropriate measures clearly establishing the principle of human rights due diligence in order to identify, prevent and mitigate the risk of violation of Covenant rights. 13. The Committee recommends...
12. While the Committee welcomes the efforts made by the State party in adopting a National Plan on Business and Human Rights, it is concerned that the Plan does not incorporate appropriate measures clearly establishing the principle of human rights due diligence in order to identify, prevent and mitigate the risk of violation of Covenant rights.
13. The Committee recommends that, in revising the National Plan on Business and Human Rights, the State party: (a) Take appropriate legislative and administrative measures, including the incorporation of human rights due diligence, to ensure that business enterprises operating in the State party do not adversely affect the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights in the course of their work; (b) Establish effective mechanisms to guarantee the conducting of human rights due diligence by companies; (c) Strengthen existing mechanisms to investigate complaints against companies, and take effective measures to ensure victims’ access to effective remedies and to reparation or compensation.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Concluding observations on the sixth periodic report of Colombia E/C.12/COL/CO/6, (2017). Par. 12; 13. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E%2fC.12%2fCOL%2fCO%2f6&Lang=en
Food policy Colombia CESCR Food and nutrition security
57. The Committee is concerned at the prevailing disparities in relation to the right to adequate food, specifically between the critical rates of malnutrition and food insecurity and the rising number of overweight or obese persons in some regions. The Committee is also concerned at the lack of adequate measures to support peasant and smallholder farmers, which has a negative...
57. The Committee is concerned at the prevailing disparities in relation to the right to adequate food, specifically between the critical rates of malnutrition and food insecurity and the rising number of overweight or obese persons in some regions. The Committee is also concerned at the lack of adequate measures to support peasant and smallholder farmers, which has a negative impact on the enjoyment of the right to food (art. 11).
58. The Committee recommends that the State party develop, pursuant to the National Food Security and Nutrition Policy, a comprehensive national strategy for the protection and promotion of the right to adequate food in order to address food insecurity throughout its national territory and to promote healthier diets.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Concluding observations on the sixth periodic report of Colombia E/C.12/COL/CO/6, (2017). Par. 57; 58. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E%2fC.12%2fCOL%2fCO%2f6&Lang=en
Tobacco control Other Health-related issues Chile CRC Education and information
63. The Committee recommends that the State party address the incidence of alcohol abuse and drug abuse by children by, inter alia, providing them with accurate and objective information and life skills education on preventing substance abuse, including tobacco and alcohol abuse, and develop accessible and youth-friendly drug - dependence treatment and harm-reduction services....
63. The Committee recommends that the State party address the incidence of alcohol abuse and drug abuse by children by, inter alia, providing them with accurate and objective information and life skills education on preventing substance abuse, including tobacco and alcohol abuse, and develop accessible and youth-friendly drug - dependence treatment and harm-reduction services.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined fourth and fifth periodic reports of Peru, CRC/C/PER/CO/4-5, (2015). Par. 63. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fCHL%2fCO%2f4-5&Lang=en
Food policy Other Health-related issues Chile CESCR Fiscal measures Education and information
25. The Committee is concerned at the rising rate of obesity due to the nutritional changes occurring in the State party and the lack of comprehensive measures currently addressing this problem (art. 11). The Committee recommends that the State party should intensify its efforts to devise a comprehensive national strategy for the protection and promotion of the right to adequate food,...
25. The Committee is concerned at the rising rate of obesity due to the nutritional changes occurring in the State party and the lack of comprehensive measures currently addressing this problem (art. 11).
The Committee recommends that the State party should intensify its efforts to devise a comprehensive national strategy for the protection and promotion of the right to adequate food, which promotes healthier diets and incorporates aspects related to trade, territorial planning, education and fiscal policy, and is developed with the participation of all the stakeholders involved. The Committee refers the State party to its general comment No. 12 (1999) on the right to adequate food and the Voluntary Guidelines to support the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security, adopted by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Concluding observations on the fourth periodic report of Chile, E/C.12/CHL/CO/4, (2015). Par. 25. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E%2fC.12%2fCHL%2fCO%2f4&Lang=en
Food policy Other Health-related issues Chile CRC Education and information Food and nutrition security
68. The Committee recommends that the State party: (...) (b) Provide street children with recovery and social reintegration services, taking into account their views in accordance with article 12 of the Convention, taking due account of gender and ethnic aspects, and provide them with adequate nutrition, housing, and necessary health-care and educational opportunities;...
68. The Committee recommends that the State party: (...)
(b) Provide street children with recovery and social reintegration services, taking into account their views in accordance with article 12 of the Convention, taking due account of gender and ethnic aspects, and provide them with adequate nutrition, housing, and necessary health-care and educational opportunities;
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 44 of the Convention, CRC/C/CHL/CO/3, (2017). Par. 68 (b). Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fCHL%2fCO%2f3&Lang=en
Other Health-related issues Chile CRC N/A
53. The Committee welcomes the substantially increased budget allocations in the public expenditure for health through the AUGE system and the attempts that have been made to improve access for low-income families by providing guaranteed medical treatment for several conditions relating specifically to the health of children. The Committee also notes the advances made in reducing infant mortality and the...
53. The Committee welcomes the substantially increased budget allocations in the public expenditure for health through the AUGE system and the attempts that have been made to improve access for low-income families by providing guaranteed medical treatment for several conditions relating specifically to the health of children. The Committee also notes the advances made in reducing infant mortality and the high vaccination rates among children. The Committee however notes that further efforts need to be undertaken in order to ensure access to health services in practice among indigenous peoples, low-income and rural population. Finally, the Committee is concerned about nutritional problems leading to obesity.
54. The Committee recommends that the State party continue and provide further resources for the AUGE health system and enhance the access to medical services in rural areas, among low-income families and indigenous peoples. The Committee recommends that the State party increase and strengthen strategies to promote the use of indigenous traditional medicine. Finally the Committee recommends the State party to take necessary measures to reduce and prevent the incidence of obesity among children.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 44 of the Convention, CRC/C/CHL/CO/3, (2017). Par. 53-54. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fCHL%2fCO%2f3&Lang=en
Food policy Chile CRC Food marketing regulations Physical activity
58. The Committee is still concerned about the lack of an integral system of health care for all children up to age 18, the difference in quality between public and private health-care services, the increased medication of children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and both the undernourishment and obesity levels among children. ...
58. The Committee is still concerned about the lack of an integral system of health care for all children up to age 18, the difference in quality between public and private health-care services, the increased medication of children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and both the undernourishment and obesity levels among children.
59. The Committee reiterates some of its previous recommendations (see CRC/C/CHL/CO/3) and draws the State party’s attention to its general comment No. 15 (2013) on the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health, and recommends that the State party: (...) (c) Strengthen measures to address underweight and overweight among children, promote a healthy lifestyle that includes physical activity and take the necessary measures to reduce the pressure of food marketing on children , in particular with regard to food high in fat, sugar and salt;
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined fourth and fifth periodic reports of Chile, CRC/C/CHL/CO/4-5, (2015). Par. 58-59 c). Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fCHL%2fCO%2f4-5&Lang=en
Tobacco control Brazil CESCR Smoke and emissions’ free environments (SFE) Tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship (TAPS)
30. The Committee notes with concern that it is still permissible to promote the use of tobacco through advertising in the State party and that, while the use of tobacco-derived products is banned in publicly accessible areas, smoking is permitted in areas specially designed for the purpose. The Committee notes, however, that the State party has taken important steps to...
30. The Committee notes with concern that it is still permissible to promote the use of tobacco through advertising in the State party and that, while the use of tobacco-derived products is banned in publicly accessible areas, smoking is permitted in areas specially designed for the purpose. The Committee notes, however, that the State party has taken important steps to reduce the threat tobacco poses for life, health, the environment and the general population by ratifying the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and developing public policies to reduce tobacco use. (art. 12, par. 1)
The Committee recommends that the State party take measures to ban the promotion of tobacco products and enact legislation to ensure that all enclosed public environments are completely free of tobacco.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Considerations of reports submitted by States parties under articles 16 and 17 of the Covenant, E/C.12/BRA/CO/2, (2009). Par. 30. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E/C.12/BRA/CO/2&Lang=En
Other Health-related issues CESCR N/A
4. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) has taken particular note of factors negatively affecting the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights in many of its general comments, including those on the right to adequate housing, the right to adequate food, the right to education, the right to...
4. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) has taken particular note of factors negatively affecting the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights in many of its general comments, including those on the right to adequate housing, the right to adequate food, the right to education, the right to the highest attainable standard of health, and the right to water.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General comment No. 16 - The equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all economic, socialand cultural rights, E/C.12/2005/4, (2005). Par. 4. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E%2fC.12%2f2005%2f4&Lang=en
Other Health-related issues CESCR N/A
16. (e) The way in which rights are implemented may also have an impact on cultural life and cultural diversity. The Committee wishes to stress in this regard the need to take into account, as far as possible, cultural values attached to, inter alia, food and food consumption, the use of water, the way health and education services are provided...
16. (e) The way in which rights are implemented may also have an impact on cultural life and cultural diversity. The Committee wishes to stress in this regard the need to take into account, as far as possible, cultural values attached to, inter alia, food and food consumption, the use of water, the way health and education services are provided and the way housing is designed and constructed.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General comment No. 21 - Right of everyone to take part in cultural life, E/C.12/GC/21, (2009). Par. 16; e). Available at: http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuW1a0Szab0oXTdImnsJZZVQc5ReG9hKvddWC2ML5U76E63nT%2beY%2btmSVIRS0ynN0q4EDmpjJye7rC1DxEtC%2fGxx7WLBcmnxGwpWSXy0fmnHDS
Food policy CESCR Education and information Food and nutrition security Access to water
7. It extends beyond sexual and reproductive health care to the underlying determinants of sexual and reproductive health, including access to safe and potable water, adequate sanitation, adequate food and nutrition, adequate housing, safe and healthy working conditions and environment, health-related education and information, and effective protection from all forms of violence, torture and discrimination and other human rights violations...
7. It extends beyond sexual and reproductive health care to the underlying determinants of sexual and reproductive health, including access to safe and potable water, adequate sanitation, adequate food and nutrition, adequate housing, safe and healthy working conditions and environment, health-related education and information, and effective protection from all forms of violence, torture and discrimination and other human rights violations that have a negative impact on the right to sexual and reproductive health.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General comment No. 22 - on the right to sexual and reproductive health, E/C.12/GC/22, (2016), Par. 7. Available at: http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuW1a0Szab0oXTdImnsJZZVQfQejF41Tob4CvIjeTiAP6sGFQktiae1vlbbOAekmaOwDOWsUe7N8TLm%2bP3HJPzxjHySkUoHMavD%2fpyfcp3Ylzg
Food policy CESCR Industry interference
2. The Committee has previously considered the growing impact of business activities on the enjoyment of specific Covenant rights relating to health, housing, food, water, social security, the right to work, the right to just and favourable conditions of work and the right to form and join trade unions....
2. The Committee has previously considered the growing impact of business activities on the enjoyment of specific Covenant rights relating to health, housing, food, water, social security, the right to work, the right to just and favourable conditions of work and the right to form and join trade unions.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General comment No. 24 - on State obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in the context of business activities, E/C.12/GC/24, (2017), Par. 2. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E%2fC.12%2fGC%2f24&Lang=en
Food policy Tobacco control CESCR Food marketing regulations Breastfeeding Tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship (TAPS)
19. The obligation to protect sometimes necessitates direct regulation and intervention. States parties should consider measures such as restricting marketing and advertising of certain goods and services in order to protect public health, such as of tobacco products, in line with the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, and of breast-milk substitutes, in accordance with the 1981 International Code of Marketing...
19. The obligation to protect sometimes necessitates direct regulation and intervention. States parties should consider measures such as restricting marketing and advertising of certain goods and services in order to protect public health, such as of tobacco products, in line with the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, and of breast-milk substitutes, in accordance with the 1981 International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes and subsequent resolutions of the World Health Assembly; (...)
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General comment No. 24 - on State obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in the context of business activities, E/C.12/GC/24, (2017), Par. 19. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E%2fC.12%2fGC%2f24&Lang=en
Other Health-related issues CESCR N/A
39. In general comment No. 3 (1990), the Committee confirmed that States parties have a core obligation to ensure the satisfaction of minimum essential levels of each of the rights enunciated in the Covenant. In conformity with other human rights instruments, as well as international agreements on the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from one’s scientific, literary...
39. In general comment No. 3 (1990), the Committee confirmed that States parties have a core obligation to ensure the satisfaction of minimum essential levels of each of the rights enunciated in the Covenant. In conformity with other human rights instruments, as well as international agreements on the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from one’s scientific, literary or artistic productions, the Committee considers that article 15, paragraph 1 (c), of the Covenant entails at least the following core obligations, which are of immediate effect: (e)To strikean adequate balance between the effective protection of the moral and material interests of authors and States parties’ obligations in relation to the rights to food, health and education, as well as the rights to take part in cultural life and to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications, or any other right recognized in the Covenant.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 17 - The right of everyone to benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he or she is the author (article 15, paragraph 1 (c), of the Covenant, E/C.12/GC/1712, (2005). Par. 39; e). Available at: http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuW1a0Szab0oXTdImnsJZZVQcMZjyZlUmZS43h49u0CNAuJIjwgfzCL8JQ1SHYTZH6jsZteqZOpBtECZh96hyNh%2F%2FHW6g3fYyiDXsSgaAmIP%2BP
Other Health-related issues CESCR N/A
35. States parties should therefore ensure that their legal or other regimes for the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from one’s scientific, literary or artistic productions constitute no impediment to their ability to comply with their core obligations in relation to the rights to food, health and education, as well as to take part in cultural life...
35. States parties should therefore ensure that their legal or other regimes for the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from one’s scientific, literary or artistic productions constitute no impediment to their ability to comply with their core obligations in relation to the rights to food, health and education, as well as to take part in cultural life and to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications, or any other right enshrined in the Covenant. Ultimately, intellectual property is a social product and has a social function. States parties thus have a duty to prevent unreasonably high costs for access to essential medicines, plant seeds or other means of food production, or for schoolbooks and learning materials, from undermining the rights of large segments of the population to health, food and education.(...)
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 17 - The right of everyone to benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he or she is the author (article 15, paragraph 1 (c), of the Covenant, E/C.12/GC/1712, (2005). Par. 35. Available at: http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuW1a0Szab0oXTdImnsJZZVQcMZjyZlUmZS43h49u0CNAuJIjwgfzCL8JQ1SHYTZH6jsZteqZOpBtECZh96hyNh%2F%2FHW6g3fYyiDXsSgaAmIP%2BP
Food policy Other Health-related issues CRC Nutritional surveillance Education and information Breastfeeding
53. The Committee recommends that States parties introduce and strengthen prenatal care for children and ensure adequate quality of the assistance given during the delivery. It also recommends that States parties provide adequate post-natal health-care services and develop campaigns to inform parents and others caring for the child about basic child healthcare and nutrition. In this regard, the Committee also...
53. The Committee recommends that States parties introduce and strengthen prenatal care for children and ensure adequate quality of the assistance given during the delivery. It also recommends that States parties provide adequate post-natal health-care services and develop campaigns to inform parents and others caring for the child about basic child healthcare and nutrition. In this regard, the Committee also recommends that the States partiescontinue to cooperate and seek technical assistance with, among others, WHO and UNICEF.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, GENERAL COMMENT No. 9 - The rights of children with disabilities, CRC/C/GC/9, (2007). Par. 53. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fGC%2f9&Lang=en
Other Health-related issues CRC N/A
16. One of the most important goals of the implementation of CRC is to promote the full and harmonious development of the child’s personality (...) In this regard, parents have the responsibility to provide the child, in a manner consistent with his evolving capacities, with appropriate direction and guidance in the exercise of her/his rights as recognized in the Convention....
16. One of the most important goals of the implementation of CRC is to promote the full and harmonious development of the child’s personality (...) In this regard, parents have the responsibility to provide the child, in a manner consistent with his evolving capacities, with appropriate direction and guidance in the exercise of her/his rights as recognized in the Convention. In the light of these and other provisions of CRC, it is obviously not in the best interests of the child if he/she grows up in circumstances that may cause an increased or serious risk of becoming involved in criminal activities. Various measures should be taken for the full and equal implementation of the rights to an adequate standard of living (art. 27), to the highest attainable standard of health and access to health care (art. 24), to education (arts. 28 and 29), to protection from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse (art. 19), and from economic or sexual exploitation (arts. 32 and 34), and to other appropriate services for the care or protection of children.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 10 - Children’s rights in juvenile justice, CRC/C/GC/10, (2007). Par. 16. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fGC%2f10&Lang=en
Food policy Other Health-related issues CRC Education and information Food and nutrition security
25. The Committee, through its extensive review of State party reports, notes that indigenous children are among those children who require positive measures in order to eliminate conditions that cause discrimination and to ensure their enjoyment of the rights of the Convention on equal level with other children. In particular, States parties are urged to consider the application of special...
25. The Committee, through its extensive review of State party reports, notes that indigenous children are among those children who require positive measures in order to eliminate conditions that cause discrimination and to ensure their enjoyment of the rights of the Convention on equal level with other children. In particular, States parties are urged to consider the application of special measures in order to ensure that indigenous children have access to culturally appropriate services in the areas of health, nutrition, education, recreation and sports, social services, housing, sanitation and juvenile justice.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, General comment No. 11 - Indigenous children and their rights under the Convention, CRC/C/GC/11, (2009). Par. 25. Available at: http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2fPPRiCAqhKb7yhsqIkirKQZLK2M58RF%2f5F0vHfIzasSO0EEdqdWmq9j7BREhPNv8rsqw5s1P9yZnbT0%2bVCtG7gTjfUoMHKWMhfZjxkzJvW8MwfhHmnb02XKphT
Food policy Tobacco control Other Health-related issues CRC Schools and meals programs Education and information
47. Prevention measures include, but are not limited to: (a)For all stakeholders: (ii)Disseminating information regarding the Convention’s holistic and positive approach to child protection through creative public campaigns, schools and peer education, family,community and institutional educational initiatives, professionals and professional groups, NGOs and civil society; ...
47. Prevention measures include, but are not limited to: (a)For all stakeholders:
(ii)Disseminating information regarding the Convention’s holistic and positive approach to child protection through creative public campaigns, schools and peer education, family,community and institutional educational initiatives, professionals and professional groups, NGOs and civil society;
Committee on the Rights of the Child, General comment No. 13 - The right of the child to freedom from all forms of violence, CRC/C/GC/13, (2011). Par. 47 (ii). Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fGC%2f13&Lang=en
Food policy CRC Food and nutrition security
20. Neglect or negligent treatment. Neglect means the failure to meet children’s physical and psychological needs, protect them from danger, or obtain medical, birth registration or other services when those responsible for children’s care have the means, knowledge and access to services to do so. It includes: (a)Physical neglect: failure to protect a child from harm, including through lack of...
20. Neglect or negligent treatment. Neglect means the failure to meet children’s physical and psychological needs, protect them from danger, or obtain medical, birth registration or other services when those responsible for children’s care have the means, knowledge and access to services to do so. It includes: (a)Physical neglect: failure to protect a child from harm, including through lack of supervision, or failure to provide the child with basic necessities including adequate food, shelter, clothing and basic medical care;
Committee on the Rights of the Child, General comment No. 13 - The right of the child to freedom from all forms of violence, CRC/C/GC/13, (2011). Par. 20. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fGC%2f13&Lang=en
Food policy Other Health-related issues CRC Nutritional surveillance Schools and meals programs Education and information Food and nutrition security
44. States should ensure that separated and unaccompanied children have a standard of living adequate for their physical, mental, spiritual and moral development. As provided in article 27 (2) of the Convention, States shall provide material assistance and support programmes, particularly with regard to nutrition, clothing and housing....
44. States should ensure that separated and unaccompanied children have a standard of living adequate for their physical, mental, spiritual and moral development. As provided in article 27 (2) of the Convention, States shall provide material assistance and support programmes, particularly with regard to nutrition, clothing and housing.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, GENERAL COMMENT No. 6 - TREATMENT OF UNACCOMPANIED AND SEPARATED CHILDRENOUTSIDE THEIR COUNTRY OF ORIGIN, CRC/GC/2005/6, (2005). Par. 44. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fGC%2f2005%2f6&Lang=en
Other Health-related issues CRC N/A
13. The healthy development of children depends on parents and other adults for necessary guidance and direction, in line with children’s evolving capacities, to assist their growth towards responsible life in society. ...
13. The healthy development of children depends on parents and other adults for necessary guidance and direction, in line with children’s evolving capacities, to assist their growth towards responsible life in society.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, General comment no. 8 - The right of the child to protection from corporal punishment and other cruelor degrading forms of punishment, CRC/C/GC/8, (2007). Par. 13. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fGC%2f8&Lang=en
Food policy Other Health-related issues CRC Nutritional surveillance Education and information Food and nutrition security Breastfeeding Access to water
27. Health-care provision. States parties should ensure that all children have access to the highest attainable standard of health care and nutrition during their early years, in order to reduce infant mortality and enable children to enjoy a healthy start in life (art. 24). In particular: (a)States parties have a responsibility to ensure access to clean drinking water, adequate sanitation,...
27. Health-care provision. States parties should ensure that all children have access to the highest attainable standard of health care and nutrition during their early years, in order to reduce infant mortality and enable children to enjoy a healthy start in life (art. 24). In particular: (a)States parties have a responsibility to ensure access to clean drinking water, adequate sanitation, appropriate immunization, good nutrition and medical services, which are essential for young children’s health, as is a stress‑free environment. Malnutrition and disease have long‑term impacts on children’s physical health and development. They affect children’s mental state, inhibiting learning and social participation and reducing prospects for realizing their potential. The same applies to obesity and unhealthy lifestyles; (b)States parties have a responsibility to implement children’s right to health by encouraging education in child health and development, including about the advantages of breastfeeding, nutrition, hygiene and sanitation.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, GENERAL COMMENT No. 7-Rev.1-Implementing child rights in early childhood, CRC/C/GC/7/, (2006). Par. 27 a); b). Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fGC%2f7%2fRev.1&Lang=en
Food policy Other Health-related issues CRC Education and information Food and nutrition security
10. Malnutrition and preventable diseases continue to be major obstacles to realizing rights in early childhood. Ensuring survival and physical health are priorities, but States parties are reminded that article 6 encompasses all aspects of development, and that a young child’s health and psychosocial well‑being are in many respects interdependent. Both may be put at risk by adverse living conditions,...
10. Malnutrition and preventable diseases continue to be major obstacles to realizing rights in early childhood. Ensuring survival and physical health are priorities, but States parties are reminded that article 6 encompasses all aspects of development, and that a young child’s health and psychosocial well‑being are in many respects interdependent. Both may be put at risk by adverse living conditions, neglect, insensitive or abusive treatment and restricted opportunities for realizing human potential. Young children growing up in especially difficult circumstances require particular attention (see section VI below). The Committee reminds States parties (and others concerned) that the right to survival and development can only be implemented in a holistic manner, through the enforcement of all the other provisions of the Convention, including rights to health, adequate nutrition, social security, an adequate standard of living, a healthy and safe environment, education and play (arts. 24, 27, 28, 29 and 31), as well as through respect for the responsibilities of parents and the provision of assistance and quality services (arts. 5 and 18). From an early age, children should themselves be included in activities promoting good nutrition and a healthy and disease‑preventing lifestyle.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, GENERAL COMMENT No. 7-Rev.1-Implementing child rights in early childhood, CRC/C/GC/7/, (2006). Par. 10. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fGC%2f7%2fRev.1&Lang=en
Food policy CRC Food and nutrition security
8. Finally, research has highlighted the particular risks to young children from malnutrition, disease, poverty, neglect, social exclusion and a range of other adversities. It shows that proper prevention and intervention strategies during early childhood have the potential to impact positively on young children’s current well‑being and future prospects. Implementing child rights in early childhood is thus an effective way...
8. Finally, research has highlighted the particular risks to young children from malnutrition, disease, poverty, neglect, social exclusion and a range of other adversities. It shows that proper prevention and intervention strategies during early childhood have the potential to impact positively on young children’s current well‑being and future prospects. Implementing child rights in early childhood is thus an effective way to help prevent personal, social and educational difficulties during middle childhood and adolescence (see general comment No. 4 (2003) on adolescents health and development).
Committee on the Rights of the Child, GENERAL COMMENT No. 7-Rev.1-Implementing child rights in early childhood, CRC/C/GC/7/, (2006). Par. 8. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fGC%2f7%2fRev.1&Lang=en
Food policy Other Health-related issues CRC N/A Food marketing regulations
Marketing and commercialization of play: The Committee is concerned that many children and their families are exposed to increasing levels of unregulated commercialization and marketing by toy and game manufacturers. Parents are pressured to purchase a growing number of products which may be harmful to their children’s development or are antithetical to creative play, such as products that promote television...
Marketing and commercialization of play: The Committee is concerned that many children and their families are exposed to increasing levels of unregulated commercialization and marketing by toy and game manufacturers. Parents are pressured to purchase a growing number of products which may be harmful to their children’s development or are antithetical to creative play, such as products that promote television programmes with established characters and storylines which impede imaginative exploration; toys with microchips which render the child as a passive observer; kits with a pre-determined pattern of activity; toys that promote traditional gender stereotypes or early sexualization of girls; toys containing dangerous parts or chemicals; realistic war toys and games. Global marketing can also serve to weaken children’s participation in the traditional cultural and artistic life of their community.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Recommendation #17 on the right of the child to rest, leisure, play, recreational activities, cultural life and the arts (art. 31), Section VI., B), last paragraph, CRC/C/GC/1, (2013). Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fGC%2f17&Lang=en
Food policy Tobacco control Other Health-related issues CRC Food marketing regulations Industry interference Food and nutrition security Access to water Tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship (TAPS) Environment and health
19. The activities and operations of business enterprises can impact on the realization of article 6 in different ways. For example, environmental degradation and contamination arising from business activities can compromise children’s rights to health, food security and access to safe drinking water and sanitation. (...) The marketing to children of products such as cigarettes and alcohol as well as...
19. The activities and operations of business enterprises can impact on the realization of article 6 in different ways. For example, environmental degradation and contamination arising from business activities can compromise children’s rights to health, food security and access to safe drinking water and sanitation. (...) The marketing to children of products such as cigarettes and alcohol as well as foods and drinks high in saturated fats, trans-fatty acids, sugar, salt or additives can have a long-term impact on their health. (...)
Committee on the Rights of the Child, General comment No. 16 - State obligations regarding the impact of the business sector on children’s rights, CRC/C/GC/16, (2013). III.) C.The right to life, survival and development; 2nd paragraph. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fGC%2f16&Lang=en
Food policy Tobacco control Other Health-related issues CRC N/A Industry interference Breastfeeding FCTC ratification
57. States are also required to implement and enforce internationally agreed standards concerning children’s rights, health and business, including the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, and the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes and relevant subsequent World Health Assembly resolutions. The Committee is aware that the activities and operations of the pharmaceutical sector can have a...
57. States are also required to implement and enforce internationally agreed standards concerning children’s rights, health and business, including the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, and the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes and relevant subsequent World Health Assembly resolutions. The Committee is aware that the activities and operations of the pharmaceutical sector can have a profound impact on the health of children. Pharmaceutical companies should be encouraged to improve the access, availability, acceptability and quality of medicines for children taking into consideration existing guidance. Furthermore, intellectual property rights should be applied in ways that promote the affordability of medicines.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, General comment No. 16 - State obligations regarding the impact of the business sector on children’s rights, CRC/C/GC/16, (2013). III.) Par. 57. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fGC%2f16&Lang=en
46. School feeding is desirable to ensure all pupils have access to a full meal every day, which can also enhance children’s attention for learning and increase school enrolment. The Committee recommends that this be combined with nutrition and health education, including setting up school gardens and training teachers to improve children’s nutrition and healthy eating habits....
46. School feeding is desirable to ensure all pupils have access to a full meal every day, which can also enhance children’s attention for learning and increase school enrolment. The Committee recommends that this be combined with nutrition and health education, including setting up school gardens and training teachers to improve children’s nutrition and healthy eating habits.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, General comment No. 15 - on the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health (art. 24), CRC/C/GC/15, (2013). Par. 43. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fGC%2f15&Lang=en
Food policy CRC Nutritional surveillance Food and nutrition security
45. Adequate nutrition and growth monitoring in early childhood are particularly important. Where necessary, integrated management of severe acute malnutrition should be expanded through facility and community-based interventions, as well as treatment of moderate acute malnutrition, including therapeutic feeding interventions....
45. Adequate nutrition and growth monitoring in early childhood are particularly important. Where necessary, integrated management of severe acute malnutrition should be expanded through facility and community-based interventions, as well as treatment of moderate acute malnutrition, including therapeutic feeding interventions.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, General comment No. 15 - on the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health (art. 24), CRC/C/GC/15, (2013). Par. 45. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fGC%2f15&Lang=en
Food policy CRC Food and nutrition security
43. Measures for fulfilling States’ obligations to ensure access to nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate and safe food and to combat malnutrition will need to be adopted according to the specific context. Effective direct nutrition interventions for pregnant women include addressing anaemia and folic acid and iodine deficiency and providing calcium supplementation. Prevention and management of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, should be...
43. Measures for fulfilling States’ obligations to ensure access to nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate and safe food and to combat malnutrition will need to be adopted according to the specific context. Effective direct nutrition interventions for pregnant women include addressing anaemia and folic acid and iodine deficiency and providing calcium supplementation. Prevention and management of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, should be ensured for all women of reproductive age to benefit their health and ensure healthy foetal and infant development.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, General comment No. 15 - on the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health (art. 24), CRC/C/GC/15, (2013). Par. 43. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fGC%2f15&Lang=en
Food policy CRC Food marketing regulations Schools and meals programs Food and nutrition security
47. States should also address obesity in children, as it is associated with hypertension, early markers of cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, psychological effects, a higher likelihood of adult obesity, and premature death. Children’s exposure to “fast foods” that are high in fat, sugar or salt, energy-dense and micronutrient-poor, and drinks containing high levels of caffeine or other potentially harmful substances...
47. States should also address obesity in children, as it is associated with hypertension, early markers of cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, psychological effects, a higher likelihood of adult obesity, and premature death. Children’s exposure to “fast foods” that are high in fat, sugar or salt, energy-dense and micronutrient-poor, and drinks containing high levels of caffeine or other potentially harmful substances should be limited. The marketing of these substances – especially when such marketing is focused on children – should be regulated and their availability in schools and other places controlled.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, General comment No. 15 - on the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health (art. 24), CRC/C/GC/15, (2013). Par. 47. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fGC%2f15&Lang=en
Food policy Tobacco control Other Health-related issues Schools and meals programs Physical activity Education and information Tobacco use
59. Children require information and education on all aspects of health to enable them to make informed choices in relation to their lifestyle and access to health services. Information and life skills education should address a broad range of health issues, including: healthy eating and the promotion of physical activity, sports and recreation; accident and injury prevention; sanitation, hand washing...
59. Children require information and education on all aspects of health to enable them to make informed choices in relation to their lifestyle and access to health services. Information and life skills education should address a broad range of health issues, including: healthy eating and the promotion of physical activity, sports and recreation; accident and injury prevention; sanitation, hand washing and other personal hygiene practices; and the dangers of alcohol, tobacco and psychoactive substance use. Information and education should encompass appropriate information about children’s right to health, the obligations of Governments, and how and where to access health information and services, and should be provided as a core part of the school curriculum, as well as through health services and in other settings for children who are not in school. Materials providing information about health should be designed in collaboration with children and disseminated in a wide range of public settings.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, General comment No. 15 - on the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health (art. 24), CRC/C/GC/15, (2013). Par. 59. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fGC%2f15&Lang=en
Food policy Tobacco control CRC Food marketing regulations Industry interference Breastfeeding Tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship (TAPS) Tobacco use
81. Among other responsibilities and in all contexts, private companies should: refrain from engaging children in hazardous labour while ensuring they comply with the minimum age for child labour; comply with the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes and the relevant subsequent World Health Assembly resolutions; limit advertisement of energy-dense, micronutrient-poor foods, and drinks containing high levels of caffeine...
81. Among other responsibilities and in all contexts, private companies should: refrain from engaging children in hazardous labour while ensuring they comply with the minimum age for child labour; comply with the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes and the relevant subsequent World Health Assembly resolutions; limit advertisement of energy-dense, micronutrient-poor foods, and drinks containing high levels of caffeine or other substances potentially harmful to children; and refrain from the advertisement, marketing and sale to children of tobacco, alcohol and other toxic substances or the use of child images.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, General comment No. 15 - on the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health (art. 24), CRC/C/GC/15, (2013). Par. 81. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fGC%2f15&Lang=en
Food policy Tobacco control Netherlands Food marketing regulations Schools and meals programs Tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship (TAPS)
73. Impact of commercial advertising and marketing practices on the enjoyment of cultural rights: The report by the Special Rapporteur on the impact of advertising and marketing practices on the enjoyment of cultural rights and its recommendation to ban all commercial advertising and marketing in schools resonated strongly with UNICEF. In 2016, it organized a workshop on children’s rights and...
73. Impact of commercial advertising and marketing practices on the enjoyment of cultural rights: The report by the Special Rapporteur on the impact of advertising and marketing practices on the enjoyment of cultural rights and its recommendation to ban all commercial advertising and marketing in schools resonated strongly with UNICEF. In 2016, it organized a workshop on children’s rights and school marketing and started discussing possible guidelines for businesses on commercial free schools, based on the rights of the child. That work continues and in December 2017, UNICEF Netherlands organized an event on children’s rights in marketing to present the guidelines.
Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Interim Report on the Right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, A/HRC/35/21, (2019). Par. 73. Available at: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G19/010/52/PDF/G1901052.pdf?OpenElement
Food policy Tobacco control Other Health-related issues N/A Industry interference
41. States have an obligation to protect against harm by third parties, including the private sector, and should work to ensure that private actors support the realization of the right to mental health, while fully understanding their role and duties in that respect....
41. States have an obligation to protect against harm by third parties, including the private sector, and should work to ensure that private actors support the realization of the right to mental health, while fully understanding their role and duties in that respect.
Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Interim Report on the Right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, A/HRC/35/21, (2016). Par. 41. Available at: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G17/076/04/PDF/G1707604.pdf?OpenElement
Food policy Tobacco control Food marketing regulations Physical activity Tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship (TAPS)
32. States can take other steps to facilitate the adoption of healthy lifestyles, with a view to ensuring policy coherence and effectiveness. One such measure is the adoption of laws limiting the marketing of tobacco and unhealthy food and beverages in the context of school-based sporting activities and at professional sporting events. Food advertising is frequently geared towards children, and...
32. States can take other steps to facilitate the adoption of healthy lifestyles, with a view to ensuring policy coherence and effectiveness. One such measure is the adoption of laws limiting the marketing of tobacco and unhealthy food and beverages in the context of school-based sporting activities and at professional sporting events. Food advertising is frequently geared towards children, and much of it concerns foods with high levels of saturated fat, trans-fatty acids, sugar or salt (referred to hereinafter as “unhealthy foods”); this influences children’s preferences, purchase requests and consumption patterns. WHO has recommended that settings where children gather should be free from all forms of marketing of unhealthy foods; this includes settings in which sporting or cultural activities for children are held. Regulating or banning the advertising, promotion and sponsorship of tobacco30 and alcohol31 in these contexts is also recommended by WHO.
33. States should ban the advertising, promotion and sponsorship of all children’s sporting events, and other sporting events which could be attended by children, by manufacturers of alcohol, tobacco, and unhealthy foods. States should create guidelines that either restrict altogether, or minimize the impact of, the marketing of unhealthy foods, alcohol and tobacco in the context of all sporting events.
Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Interim Report on the Right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, A/HRC/32/33, (2016). Par. 32 & 33. Available at: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G16/067/39/PDF/G1606739.pdf?OpenElement
Other Health-related issues N/A
6. Health is central to the Sustainable Development Goals, as it is both an outcome of and a path to achieving poverty reduction and sustainable development. Progress in health is both dependent on and a consequence of progress towards other Goals. Goal 3 is a specific commitment to “ensure healthy lives and promote well being for all at all ages”....
6. Health is central to the Sustainable Development Goals, as it is both an outcome of and a path to achieving poverty reduction and sustainable development. Progress in health is both dependent on and a consequence of progress towards other Goals. Goal 3 is a specific commitment to “ensure healthy lives and promote well being for all at all ages”. Goal 3 is associated with nine targets, which include addressing child and maternal mortality and infectious and non communicable diseases. The Special Rapporteur welcomes recognition of the emerging burden of non communicable diseases, which represent the majority of deaths worldwide, with a disproportionate and devastating impact on the poor and marginalized. There are also cross cutting, systems oriented targets, including universal access to sexual and reproductive health care and universal health coverage.
Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Interim Report on the Right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, A/71/304, (2016). Par. 6. Available at: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N16/250/84/PDF/N1625084.pdf?OpenElement
Food policy Tobacco control Food marketing regulations Tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship (TAPS)
101. The Special Rapporteur recommends that States: (a) Review all laws, policies, regulations and programmes relating to sport and healthy lifestyles for compliance with human rights standards, and immediately amend or remove those that are discriminatory in nature or conflict with human rights; (b) Ban the advertising, promotion and sponsorship of all children’s sporting events, and other sporting events...
101. The Special Rapporteur recommends that States: (a) Review all laws, policies, regulations and programmes relating to sport and healthy lifestyles for compliance with human rights standards, and immediately amend or remove those that are discriminatory in nature or conflict with human rights; (b) Ban the advertising, promotion and sponsorship of all children’s sporting events, and other sporting events that could be attended by children, by manufacturers of alcohol, tobacco and unhealthy foods.
Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Interim Report on the Right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, A/HRC/32/33, (2016). Par. 101 (a-b). Available at: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G16/067/39/PDF/G1606739.pdf?OpenElement
Tobacco control Tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship (TAPS)
102. Prevention cannot justify disproportionate infringements of adolescents’ rights, including their rights to privacy, bodily integrity and education. States are encouraged to continue to restrict and, when necessary, ban alcohol and tobacco advertising, which has too often targeted young people....
102. Prevention cannot justify disproportionate infringements of adolescents’ rights, including their rights to privacy, bodily integrity and education. States are encouraged to continue to restrict and, when necessary, ban alcohol and tobacco advertising, which has too often targeted young people.
Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Interim Report on the Right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, A/HRC/32/32, (2016). Par. 102. Available at: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G16/067/53/PDF/G1606753.pdf?OpenElement
99. States should adopt appropriate measures to protect children from illicit drug use and involvement in the illicit drug trade. However, this must be read in the context of the protections afforded by the Convention on the Rights of the Child and other human rights obligations. Almost all States have obligations under the three United Nations drug control conventions, which...
99. States should adopt appropriate measures to protect children from illicit drug use and involvement in the illicit drug trade. However, this must be read in the context of the protections afforded by the Convention on the Rights of the Child and other human rights obligations. Almost all States have obligations under the three United Nations drug control conventions, which must be read in conformity with concurrent human rights obligations. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control contains specific provisions aimed at the protection of children and young people, and which complement the right to health.
Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Interim Report on the Right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, A/HRC/32/32, (2016). Par. 99. Available at: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G16/067/53/PDF/G1606753.pdf?OpenElement
Food policy Tobacco control Other Health-related issues Food marketing regulations Tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship (TAPS) Environment and health
36. States must take legal, policy and other measures to address the underlying and social determinants of adolescents health, including: road and environmental safety; racial prejudice; access to education; persistence of forced and early marriage; corporal punishment; social, economic, political, cultural and legal barriers to health services, including sexual and reproductive health services; inadequate social protection; institutionalization; punitive drug laws;...
36. States must take legal, policy and other measures to address the underlying and social determinants of adolescents health, including: road and environmental safety; racial prejudice; access to education; persistence of forced and early marriage; corporal punishment; social, economic, political, cultural and legal barriers to health services, including sexual and reproductive health services; inadequate social protection; institutionalization; punitive drug laws; absence of comprehensive sexuality education; criminalization of exposure, non-disclosure of HIV status and transmission of HIV; criminalization of same-sex relationships; and lax legal frameworks governing the sale of tobacco, alcohol and fast foods.
Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Interim Report on the Right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, A/HRC/32/32, (2016). Par. 36. Available at: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G16/067/53/PDF/G1606753.pdf?OpenElement
Food policy Tobacco control Food marketing regulations Industry interference Tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship (TAPS)
87. Private entities, including transnational corporations, should ensure that their operations do not undermine the realization of individual health rights. In particular, companies that produce tobacco, food or beverages should abide by industry- or Government-led regulations on marketing products to children in the sporting context. Companies involved in major sporting events must also ensure that their operations meet human rights...
87. Private entities, including transnational corporations, should ensure that their operations do not undermine the realization of individual health rights. In particular, companies that produce tobacco, food or beverages should abide by industry- or Government-led regulations on marketing products to children in the sporting context. Companies involved in major sporting events must also ensure that their operations meet human rights standards, and must fully implement the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights69 — a responsibility shared with international sporting bodies.
Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Interim Report on the Right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, A/HRC/32/33, (2016). Par. 87. Available at: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G16/067/39/PDF/G1606739.pdf?OpenElement
Food policy Tobacco control Other Health-related issues Industry interference Environment and health
19. Beyond the health sector, corrupt practices that have a direct impact on the right to health have occurred in other private sector companies, including private water companies, tobacco manufacturers, food and beverage manufacturers, car manufacturers and the natural resources extraction industry. Such practices include, for example, bribery of public officials and the manipulation of scientific research practices. In his...
19. Beyond the health sector, corrupt practices that have a direct impact on the right to health have occurred in other private sector companies, including private water companies, tobacco manufacturers, food and beverage manufacturers, car manufacturers and the natural resources extraction industry. Such practices include, for example, bribery of public officials and the manipulation of scientific research practices. In his previous reports, the Special Rapporteur has highlighted how power asymmetries have given rise to the widespread prioritizing of specialized medicine over primary care and public health interventions, including poverty reduction, labour conditions and early childhood services (see A/HRC/35/21, paras. 21 26). Such asymmetries generate preferences for physical health care over mental health care; biomedical interventions over non biomedical interventions; the prioritization of certain disciplines that promote expensive biomedical technologies over social sciences in public health research agendas; and limited space for civil society participation in health policymaking.
Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Interim Report on the Right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, A/72/137, (2017). Par. 19. Available at: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/214/96/PDF/N1721496.pdf?OpenElement
Food policy Tobacco control Industry interference Breastfeeding
39. The harmful effects of the tobacco industry and unhealthy foods industry has been covered up by manufacturers and industry lobbyists, including through sponsoring research to downplay links to health problems. Misinformation, pressure and bribery from private sector actors, including the food and beverage and breast milk substitute industries38 and the tobacco and the polluting industries, can interfere with the...
39. The harmful effects of the tobacco industry and unhealthy foods industry has been covered up by manufacturers and industry lobbyists, including through sponsoring research to downplay links to health problems. Misinformation, pressure and bribery from private sector actors, including the food and beverage and breast milk substitute industries38 and the tobacco and the polluting industries, can interfere with the obligation of governments to adopt an appropriate legislative, regulatory and policy framework to promote and protect public health.
Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Interim Report on the Right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, A/72/137, (2017). Par. 39. Available at: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/214/96/PDF/N1721496.pdf?OpenElement
Food policy Tobacco control Industry interference
3. In many countries health is among the most corrupt sectors. Health sector corruption, including for example the bribing of health officials and unofficial payments to health care providers, obstructs the ability of States to fulfil their right to health obligation and to guarantee available, accessible, acceptable and good quality health services, goods and facilities. Yet corruption affecting health also...
3. In many countries health is among the most corrupt sectors. Health sector corruption, including for example the bribing of health officials and unofficial payments to health care providers, obstructs the ability of States to fulfil their right to health obligation and to guarantee available, accessible, acceptable and good quality health services, goods and facilities. Yet corruption affecting health also occurs in other sectors and industries, for example, the water sector, and the food and beverages, tobacco and other industries. Moreover, corruption has significant implications for equality and non discrimination since it has a particularly marked impact on the health of populations in situations of vulnerability and social exclusion, in particular those living in poverty and children.
Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Interim Report on the Right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, A/72/137, (2017). Par. 3. Available at: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/214/96/PDF/N1721496.pdf?OpenElement
95.. Adolescence is a period of risk-taking and experimentation with greater likelihood of initiation into substance use. adolescents+s are at higher risk of drug-related health harms, while substance use initiated in adolescence can more often lead to dependence than during adulthood. The most commonly used substances are alcohol, tobacco and solvents. Illicit drug use, in particular cannabis, is also common...
95.. Adolescence is a period of risk-taking and experimentation with greater likelihood of initiation into substance use. adolescents+s are at higher risk of drug-related health harms, while substance use initiated in adolescence can more often lead to dependence than during adulthood. The most commonly used substances are alcohol, tobacco and solvents. Illicit drug use, in particular cannabis, is also common and in recent years unregulated novel psychoactive substances have become an important concern.
Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Interim Report on the Right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, A/HRC/32/32, (2016). Par. 95. Available at: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G16/067/53/PDF/G1606753.pdf?OpenElement
Food policy Tobacco control Physical activity Food and nutrition security Tobacco use
3. In its 2011 resolution on the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, the General Assembly, in reaffirming the right of everyone to the highest attainable standard of mental and physical health, acknowledged that the global burden and threat of non-communicable diseases constituted “one of the major challenges for development in the twenty-first century”. The General Assembly recognized that many...
3. In its 2011 resolution on the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, the General Assembly, in reaffirming the right of everyone to the highest attainable standard of mental and physical health, acknowledged that the global burden and threat of non-communicable diseases constituted “one of the major challenges for development in the twenty-first century”. The General Assembly recognized that many non-communicable diseases are linked to common risk factors, including tobacco use, harmful use of alcohol, an unhealthy diet and lack of physical activity. Non-communicable diseases have a disproportionate impact on women’s health and are the leading cause of death in women globally, killing around 18 million women a year.
Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Interim Report on the Right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, A/HRC/32/33, (2016). Par. 3. Available at: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G16/067/39/PDF/G1606739.pdf?OpenElement
Food policy Tobacco control Other Health-related issues Food and nutrition security Access to water Tobacco use Environment and health
19. The right to health encompasses the underlying determinants of health, including its social and psychosocial determinants. The Sustainable Development Goals address many of these underlying determinants, from specific right to health entitlements found in the targets of Goal 3, such as road safety, harmful alcohol and tobacco use and environmental pollution, as well as other Goals and targets, including...
19. The right to health encompasses the underlying determinants of health, including its social and psychosocial determinants. The Sustainable Development Goals address many of these underlying determinants, from specific right to health entitlements found in the targets of Goal 3, such as road safety, harmful alcohol and tobacco use and environmental pollution, as well as other Goals and targets, including on clean water and sanitation (Goal 6), education (Goal 4), food (Goal 2), decent work (Goal 8), reducing inequalities (Goal 10), gender equality (Goal 5), poverty reduction (Goal 1), climate change and access to energy (Goal 13), peace, justice and strong institutions (Goal 16) and violence (targets 5.2, 16.1 and 16.2).
Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Interim Report on the Right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, A/71/304, (2016). Par. 19. Available at: https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2F71%2F304&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop
Food policy Tobacco control CRC Breastfeeding FCTC ratification
44. Exclusive breastfeeding for infants up to 6 months of age should be protected and promoted and breastfeeding should continue alongside appropriate complementary foods preferably until two years of age, where feasible. States’ obligations in this area are defined in the “protect, promote and support” framework, adopted unanimously by the World Health Assembly. States are required to introduce into domestic...
44. Exclusive breastfeeding for infants up to 6 months of age should be protected and promoted and breastfeeding should continue alongside appropriate complementary foods preferably until two years of age, where feasible. States’ obligations in this area are defined in the “protect, promote and support” framework, adopted unanimously by the World Health Assembly. States are required to introduce into domestic law, implement and enforce internationally agreed standards concerning children’s right to health, including the International Code on Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes and the relevant subsequent World Health Assembly resolutions, as well as the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Special measures should be taken to promote community and workplace support for mothers in relation to pregnancy and breastfeeding and feasible and affordable childcare services; and compliance with the International Labour Organization Convention No. 183 (2000) concerning the revision of the Maternity Protection Convention (Revised), 1952.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, General comment No. 15 - on the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health (art. 24), CRC/C/GC/15, (2013). Par. 44. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fGC%2f15&Lang=en
Food policy Packaging and labeling
The decision on which front-of-package labelling system should be adopted must be linked to its effectiveness to achieve public health goals and be in accordance with scientific evidence free from conflicts of interest available at the time. International human rights law promotes rational and rigorous policy-making that is based upon reliable data. Therefore, the appropriateness of measures to...
The decision on which front-of-package labelling system should be adopted must be linked to its effectiveness to achieve public health goals and be in accordance with scientific evidence free from conflicts of interest available at the time. International human rights law promotes rational and rigorous policy-making that is based upon reliable data. Therefore, the appropriateness of measures to address diet-related NCDs risk factors, such as front-of-package warning labelling, should arise from the best available evidence in public health. To that effect, what is normatively required must evolve with changing understandings of science. States should use scientific knowledge in decision-making and policies, as they have a duty to make available and accessible to all persons all the best available applications of scientific evidence necessary to enjoy the highest attainable standard of health.
Special Rapporteur on the right to health. Statement by the UN Special Rapporteur on the right to health on the adoption of front-of-package warning labelling to tackle NCDs, (2020). Par. 20. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Health/SRRH_Statement_FOPL_NCDs_07242020.docx
Food policy Packaging and labeling Food marketing regulations Industry interference
In the context of unhealthy diets, the obligation to protect the right to health, inter alia, requires the regulation of the activities of non-State actors, such as the food and beverage industries, to ensure they convey accurate, easily understandable, transparent and comprehensible information on their products. In particular, States should develop regulations and intervene, for instance, to restrict marketing...
In the context of unhealthy diets, the obligation to protect the right to health, inter alia, requires the regulation of the activities of non-State actors, such as the food and beverage industries, to ensure they convey accurate, easily understandable, transparent and comprehensible information on their products. In particular, States should develop regulations and intervene, for instance, to restrict marketing of food products with excessive amounts of critical nutrients in order to protect public health. Such regulations should be implemented and monitored through indicators and benchmarks.
Special Rapporteur on the right to health. Statement by the UN Special Rapporteur on the right to health on the adoption of front-of-package warning labelling to tackle NCDs, (2020). Par. 10. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Health/SRRH_Statement_FOPL_NCDs_07242020.docx
Food policy Packaging and labeling Food and nutrition security
The adoption and implementation of front-of-package warning labelling is a rights-compliant response. By delivering clear and complete information in a simple way, it encourages consumers to make informed decisions about their diets, without making additional efforts or requiring qualified knowledge. This allows individuals to decide what they want to eat according to their preferences, tastes and health status. At...
The adoption and implementation of front-of-package warning labelling is a rights-compliant response. By delivering clear and complete information in a simple way, it encourages consumers to make informed decisions about their diets, without making additional efforts or requiring qualified knowledge. This allows individuals to decide what they want to eat according to their preferences, tastes and health status. At the same time, front-of-package warning labelling promotes healthy decisions, discourages the consumption of food products that can have a detrimental impact on health, and counteracts the effects of living in an obesogenic environment.
Special Rapporteur on the right to health. Statement by the UN Special Rapporteur on the right to health on the adoption of front-of-package warning labelling to tackle NCDs, (2020). Par. 7. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Health/SRRH_Statement_FOPL_NCDs_07242020.docx
Food policy Packaging and labeling Industry interference
The industry often has an interest in hindering the adoption of front-of-package warning labelling regulations by attempting to interfere or directly influencing government decision-making processes. Where States have effectively adopted front-of-package warning labelling regulations to promote public health, some companies have resorted to or threatened litigation. They have also drawn on other campaigns and tactics to delay and/or block implementation...
The industry often has an interest in hindering the adoption of front-of-package warning labelling regulations by attempting to interfere or directly influencing government decision-making processes. Where States have effectively adopted front-of-package warning labelling regulations to promote public health, some companies have resorted to or threatened litigation. They have also drawn on other campaigns and tactics to delay and/or block implementation of these regulatory measures, to overturn them or diminish their effect. This constitutes an undue influence of corporations on government decision-making that should be addressed by States to ensure that regulations to prevent harm to people’s health, derived from the consumption of unhealthy foods and beverages, are driven by human rights and scientific evidence free from conflicts of interest.
Special Rapporteur on the right to health. Statement by the UN Special Rapporteur on the right to health on the adoption of front-of-package warning labelling to tackle NCDs, (2020). Par. 5. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Health/SRRH_Statement_FOPL_NCDs_07242020.docx
Food policy Food and nutrition security
The right to health is an inclusive right extending not only to timely and appropriate health care but also to the underlying determinants of health, such as an adequate supply of safe food and nutrition. States’ obligations therefore include ensuring equal access for all to nutritiously safe food as an underlying determinant of health. As adequate food is a human...
The right to health is an inclusive right extending not only to timely and appropriate health care but also to the underlying determinants of health, such as an adequate supply of safe food and nutrition. States’ obligations therefore include ensuring equal access for all to nutritiously safe food as an underlying determinant of health. As adequate food is a human right in itself, States obligations include ensuring everyone’s access to the minimum essential food that is sufficient, nutritionally adequate and safe; this involves food in sufficient quantity and quality to satisfy individuals’ dietary needs, with a mix of nutrients for physical and mental growth, development and maintenance.
Special Rapporteur on the right to health. Statement by the UN Special Rapporteur on the right to health on the adoption of front-of-package warning labelling to tackle NCDs, (2020). Par. 4. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2020/07/statement-un-special-rapporteur-right-health-adoption-front-package-warning
Food policy Food and nutrition security
The right to health is an inclusive right extending not only to timely and appropriate health care but also to the underlying determinants of health, such as an adequate supply of safe food and nutrition. States’ obligations therefore include ensuring equal access for all to nutritiously safe food as an underlying determinant of health. As adequate food is a human...
The right to health is an inclusive right extending not only to timely and appropriate health care but also to the underlying determinants of health, such as an adequate supply of safe food and nutrition. States’ obligations therefore include ensuring equal access for all to nutritiously safe food as an underlying determinant of health. As adequate food is a human right in itself, States obligations include ensuring everyone’s access to the minimum essential food that is sufficient, nutritionally adequate and safe; this involves food in sufficient quantity and quality to satisfy individuals’ dietary needs, with a mix of nutrients for physical and mental growth, development and maintenance.
Special Rapporteur on the right to health. Statement by the UN Special Rapporteur on the right to health on the adoption of front-of-package warning labelling to tackle NCDs, (2020). Par. 2. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2020/07/statement-un-special-rapporteur-right-health-adoption-front-package-warning
Food policy Tobacco control Other Health-related issues Fiscal measures Food production Industry interference Food and nutrition security Trade and investment FCTC ratification Environment and health
98. A holistic approach to nutrition requires national policymakers to create an environment conducive to nutritious, healthy diets, including through education, and dietary guidelines. Finally, a comprehensive approach should encourage adjustments in food supply and changes in food systems to increase the availability and accessibility of healthier food that is both sustainable and nutrition sensitive. 99. With a view to respecting,...
98. A holistic approach to nutrition requires national policymakers to create an environment conducive to nutritious, healthy diets, including through education, and dietary guidelines. Finally, a comprehensive approach should encourage adjustments in food supply and changes in food systems to increase the availability and accessibility of healthier food that is both sustainable and nutrition sensitive.
99. With a view to respecting, protecting and fulfilling the right to adequate food and nutrition, the Special Rapporteur recommends that: (...)
(a) Member States embrace the United Nations Decade of Action on Nutrition as an opportunity to achieve ambitious nutrition targets and ensuring the right of every individual to adequate food and nutrition, especially the people who most need it. To this end, United Nations agencies and programmes should establish coordinated, effective monitoring and accountability mechanisms to implement the multitude of existing nutrition targets in ways that are coherent, harmonized, mutually reinforcing and overcoming gaps, together with clear timelines, funding and indicators to assess progress;
(b) The Committee on World Food Security, as recommended by the General Assembly, ensure the participation of all partners during the Decade, in particular rights holders and representatives of vulnerable groups. Affirmative measures should be adopted to ensure a “level playing field” allowing civil society to play active roles in discussions and negotiations;
(c) International regulations be implemented to curb the unchecked actions of powerful economic actors that have lately been flooding global markets with junk food. In this regard, negotiations within the Human Rights Council to establish a legally binding instrument to regulate the activities of transnational corporations are greatly welcomed;
(d) The Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights be implemented to ensure corporate responsibility of the food and nutrition industry and enforce the rights of victims to redress human rights violations, including cross-border cases;
(e) Internationally agreed guidelines on how to manage public-private partnership and monitor accountability be established, based on independent assessments of the impact of commercial sector engagement in nutrition;
(f) International trade and investment agreements be re-evaluated to ensure that they do not undermine health and nutrition policies. For example, food taxes, tariffs and other market restrictions or incentives that justifiably form part of national nutrition policies should be exempt from World Trade Organization rules and should not lead to penalties for violating trade agreements;
(g) States be encouraged to use existing tools established by the United Nations, as well as by non-governmental organizations and academic networks, to create a “national master plan for nutrition” with a time frame and budgetary targets specifically tailored to meet domestic needs;
(h) States ensure the political and financial commitments needed to shift from current industrial agricultural systems to nutrition-sensitive agroecology that is healthy for people and sustainable for the planet;
(i) States adopt an initiative similar to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control to regulate the food and beverage industry and protect individuals from the negative health and nutrition effects of highly processed foods;
(j) Recognizing the particular vulnerability of women to malnutrition, the international human rights framework protect women’s right to adequate food and nutrition, beyond pregnancy and breastfeeding;
(k) The empowerment of women be firmly embedded within nutrition strategies, for example by providing paid maternity leave, social recognition of unpaid work, prevention of early and forced marriages and protection of women’s sexual and reproductive rights;
(l) All States incorporate the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes in its entirety into their legal systems and ensure adequate monitoring to ensure implementation;
(m) The Human Rights Council endorse the WHO guidance on ending the inappropriate promotion of foods for infants and young children, presented at the World Health Assembly in May 2016.
Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Interim Report on the right to food, A/71/282, (2016). Par. 98 and 99. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/71/282
Food policy Industry interference Food and nutrition security
97. Recognizing that industry self-regulation is ineffective, Governments should impose strong regulatory systems to ensure that the food industry does not violate citizens’ human rights to adequate food and nutrition. It is recognized, however, that such efforts may face formidable resistance from a food industry seeking to protect its economic interests....
97. Recognizing that industry self-regulation is ineffective, Governments should impose strong regulatory systems to ensure that the food industry does not violate citizens’ human rights to adequate food and nutrition. It is recognized, however, that such efforts may face formidable resistance from a food industry seeking to protect its economic interests.
Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Interim Report on the right to food, A/71/282, (2016). Par. 97, 98. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/71/282
Food policy Other Health-related issues Food production Food and nutrition security Environment and health
92. To promote meaningful change, actions must also be directed at the food system level to make it more “nutrition sensitive”. It is imperative that global food systems move away from agro-industrial production methods that are responsible for dietary monotony and reliance on ultraprocessed food and beverages towards a system that supports food sovereignty, small-scale producers and local markets, based...
92. To promote meaningful change, actions must also be directed at the food system level to make it more “nutrition sensitive”. It is imperative that global food systems move away from agro-industrial production methods that are responsible for dietary monotony and reliance on ultraprocessed food and beverages towards a system that supports food sovereignty, small-scale producers and local markets, based on ecological balance, agro-biodiversity and traditional practices. Food sovereignty allows peoples to define their own policies and strategies for sustainable production, distribution and consumption of food. Globally, the majority of food is supplied by local farmers. Therefore, efforts to combat malnutrition should support smallholder farmers and promote nutrition-sensitive production. Agroecology ensures food and nutrition security without compromising the economic, social and environmental needs of future generations. (...)
Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Interim Report on the right to food, A/71/282, (2016). Par. 92. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/71/282
Food policy Food marketing regulations
79. Advertisements influence people’s food preferences and habits. Recognizing that children are especially exposed to aggressive marketing and promotion strategies by food and beverage companies, some States prohibit media advertising to children for certain “restricted” food and drink products. In Chile, for example, where children form more than 20 per cent of the audience, mandatory regulations restrict advertising to children...
79. Advertisements influence people’s food preferences and habits. Recognizing that children are especially exposed to aggressive marketing and promotion strategies by food and beverage companies, some States prohibit media advertising to children for certain “restricted” food and drink products. In Chile, for example, where children form more than 20 per cent of the audience, mandatory regulations restrict advertising to children under 14, while Taiwan Province of China bans the advertising of restricted foods on channels dedicated to children, levying fines for violations of its regulations. Brazil imposes strict regulations, prohibiting any “abusive publicity” and strategies that appeal directly to Children and/or adolescents. In practice, however, there seem to be many difficulties in implementing such restrictions.
Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Interim Report on the right to food, A/71/282, (2016). Par. 79. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/71/282
Food policy Chile Packaging and labeling Food marketing regulations Industry interference
76. Nutrition labels allow people to make informed decisions on their food options and incentivizes food manufacturers to reformulate their products to target healthconscious consumers. Many countries have mandatory nutrient lists on pre-packaged foods, and some have gone further to implement creative schemes to alert consumers about foods that undermine their nutritional welfare. For example, (...) Chile has food labels...
76. Nutrition labels allow people to make informed decisions on their food options and incentivizes food manufacturers to reformulate their products to target healthconscious consumers. Many countries have mandatory nutrient lists on pre-packaged foods, and some have gone further to implement creative schemes to alert consumers about foods that undermine their nutritional welfare. For example, (...) Chile has food labels with a “stop sign” warning message when calorie, saturated fat, sugar or sodium limits have been exceeded; and Ecuador requires packaged foods to carry a “traffic light” label indicating fats, sugar and salt by colour. (...)
78. Although WHO has recommended that the private sector adopt evidence-based “responsible marketing”, and despite some positive initiatives as described above, ensuring informative labelling is still an uphill battle for nutrition and health advocates.
Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Interim Report on the right to food, A/71/282, (2016). Par. 76, 78. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/71/282
Food policy Other Health-related issues Mexico Fiscal measures Food production Education and information Food and nutrition security
85. Various countries have also taxed beverages that contain high levels of sugar or other sweeteners. While in some countries the revenue goes directly to the general budget or to the health sector, others use such funds for specific nutrition - and health-related projects. For example, Mexico uses revenue to finance programmes addressing malnutrition and obesity-related diseases, and the Navajo...
85. Various countries have also taxed beverages that contain high levels of sugar or other sweeteners. While in some countries the revenue goes directly to the general budget or to the health sector, others use such funds for specific nutrition - and health-related projects. For example, Mexico uses revenue to finance programmes addressing malnutrition and obesity-related diseases, and the Navajo Nation earmarks tax revenues for such projects as farming, healthy convenience stores and health classes.
Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Interim Report on the right to food, A/71/282, (2016). Par. 85. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/71/282
Food policy Industry interference Food and nutrition security
72. While international human rights law lays the foundations for responsible corporate behaviour, food corporations have vehemently opposed calls to regulate marketing. Instead, many have promoted voluntary commitments on labelling and advertising or have sponsored nutrition and health education programmes as part of their “corporate social responsibility”. The latter is particularly concerning, blurring the lines between education and marketing, and...
72. While international human rights law lays the foundations for responsible corporate behaviour, food corporations have vehemently opposed calls to regulate marketing. Instead, many have promoted voluntary commitments on labelling and advertising or have sponsored nutrition and health education programmes as part of their “corporate social responsibility”. The latter is particularly concerning, blurring the lines between education and marketing, and potentially allowing companies to disseminate misleading information.
73. Recent initiatives, such as a 2014 high-level commission on ending childhood obesity and recommendations towards a global convention to protect and promote healthy diets by the World Obesity Federation and Consumers International, as well as Global Nutrition Reports, indicate the need for stronger accountability mechanisms at the national level, considering that voluntary corporate initiatives are proving ineffective.
Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Interim Report on the right to food, A/71/282, (2016). Par. 72 and 73. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/71/282
Food policy Food marketing regulations Industry interference Breastfeeding
54. Conflicts of interest have also been identified where businesses involved in the initiative were simultaneously marketing foods leading to obesity and non-communicable diseases. While efforts were recently made, for example by excluding infant formula manufacturers that violate the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes, it remains unclear as to how the initiative prevents companies from gaining improper access...
54. Conflicts of interest have also been identified where businesses involved in the initiative were simultaneously marketing foods leading to obesity and non-communicable diseases. While efforts were recently made, for example by excluding infant formula manufacturers that violate the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes, it remains unclear as to how the initiative prevents companies from gaining improper access to markets and policymaking, or how violations are detected and evaluated.
Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Interim Report on the right to food, A/71/282, (2016). Par. 54. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/71/282
Food policy Other Health-related issues Food production Food and nutrition security Environment and health
47. Despite the potential success of the Goals, nutrition is mentioned in only 1 of the 169 targets, and overweight and obesity are not mentioned. More importantly, whether the Sustainable Development Goal targets have the innovation necessary to ensure a successful shift towards sustainable food systems and provide the framework for global governance of agriculture, food, nutrition and health seems...
47. Despite the potential success of the Goals, nutrition is mentioned in only 1 of the 169 targets, and overweight and obesity are not mentioned. More importantly, whether the Sustainable Development Goal targets have the innovation necessary to ensure a successful shift towards sustainable food systems and provide the framework for global governance of agriculture, food, nutrition and health seems doubtful. In addition, some targets lack the focus necessary to enable effective implementation, or they contribute to several Goals, thereby creating possible conflicts. Action to meet one target could have unintended consequences on others if they are pursued separately. (...)
Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Interim Report on the right to food, A/71/282, (2016). Par. 47. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/71/282
Food policy Tobacco control Other Health-related issues China India Packaging and labeling Food marketing regulations Industry interference Education and information Trade and investment
32. The level and effect of investment by the food industry in the marketing of unhealthy food products is startling. Persistent advertising campaigns, discount offers, exclusive contracts with food outlets and pricing and packaging strategies are all used to drive demand. 33. “Junk food” companies tend to use tactics similar to those used by tobacco companies in the 1980s, when science...
32. The level and effect of investment by the food industry in the marketing of unhealthy food products is startling. Persistent advertising campaigns, discount offers, exclusive contracts with food outlets and pricing and packaging strategies are all used to drive demand.
33. “Junk food” companies tend to use tactics similar to those used by tobacco companies in the 1980s, when science began linking smoking to serious health
problems. Some companies even fund scientific research, manipulating results in support of their products, or add minimal amounts of healthy ingredients to enable them to present their products as “healthy”.
34. Marketing strategies are particularly harmful when they target untapped markets in developing nations, a spillover from the “saturation” of markets in developed countries. The effect of introducing fast food on the diet quality of poorer populations is especially dangerous when there is a lack of knowledge or education and where individuals are vulnerable to manipulative marketing practices. If left uncontrolled, undernutrition in lower-income countries will be rapidly eclipsed by obesity and non-communicable diseases, as is already the case in China, India and many middle-income countries.
Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Interim Report on the right to food, A/71/282, (2016). Par. 32, 33, 34. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/71/282
Food policy Food production Industry interference Food and nutrition security Trade and investment
foreign direct investment (FDI)** 31. FDI is playing a significant role in the “nutrition transition”. The food processing industry is now the largest recipient of FDI, particularly in support of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods. FDI allows companies to become transnational by purchasing or investing in “foreign affiliates” located in other countries, which then produce food for the domestic markets. This allows the...
foreign direct investment (FDI)**
31. FDI is playing a significant role in the “nutrition transition”. The food processing industry is now the largest recipient of FDI, particularly in support of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods. FDI allows companies to become transnational by purchasing or investing in “foreign affiliates” located in other countries, which then produce food for the domestic markets. This allows the foreign-based company to bypass import tariffs and lowers transportation and production costs. By flooding markets with cheap refined grains, corn sweeteners and vegetable oil, FDI has become a driving force behind rising obesity rates in developing countries.
Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Interim Report on the right to food, A/71/282, (2016). Par. 31. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/71/282
Food policy United States of America Food and nutrition security
19. Poverty and inequality are drivers of obesity and micronutrient deficiency, in addition to undernutrition. Low-income populations are particularly vulnerable to obesity. Processed foods tend to be highly accessible and relatively cheap and can be stored for long periods without spoiling. In the United States of America for instance, low-income neighbourhoods often lack food retailers that sell fruits, vegetables, whole...
19. Poverty and inequality are drivers of obesity and micronutrient deficiency, in addition to undernutrition. Low-income populations are particularly vulnerable to obesity. Processed foods tend to be highly accessible and relatively cheap and can be stored for long periods without spoiling. In the United States of America for instance, low-income neighbourhoods often lack food retailers that sell fruits, vegetables, whole grains and alternative low-fat options. Unable to afford healthier food options, individuals may become overreliant on poor-quality foods, essentially being forced to choose between economic viability and nutrition and exposed to “double malnutrition”.
Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Interim Report on the right to food, A/71/282, (2016). Par. 19. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/71/282
Food policy Food marketing regulations Industry interference Food and nutrition security Breastfeeding
16. Breastfeeding is a powerful influence on child survival and development and prevention of child malnutrition. It provides optimal nutrition for young infants, reducing the incidence and severity of infectious diseases and contributing to obesity prevention. Breastfed babies are protected from illnesses through the mother’s antibodies, while those who are not are exposed to increased chances of malnutrition, non-communicable diseases...
16. Breastfeeding is a powerful influence on child survival and development and prevention of child malnutrition. It provides optimal nutrition for young infants, reducing the incidence and severity of infectious diseases and contributing to obesity prevention. Breastfed babies are protected from illnesses through the mother’s antibodies, while those who are not are exposed to increased chances of malnutrition, non-communicable diseases and suboptimal cognitive development. In addition, infant formula and other breast milk substitutes can cause poor growth or illness if water quality and hygiene standards are not met.
17. One of the major obstacles to breastfeeding is the misleading marketing by baby food companies of breast milk substitutes and the lack of corporate accountability for the adverse consequences of such abuses.
Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Interim Report on the right to food, A/71/282, (2016). Par. 16, 17. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/71/282
Food policy Food marketing regulations Nutritional surveillance Food and nutrition security
14. At the same time, there were 41 million overweight children under the age of 5. If this trend continues, 70 million infants and young children will be overweight or obese by 2025. Economic and cultural factors contribute to childhood obesity. Energy-dense foods are often more affordable and aggressively marketed towards children, while some cultures may associate higher weights in...
14. At the same time, there were 41 million overweight children under the age of 5. If this trend continues, 70 million infants and young children will be overweight or obese by 2025. Economic and cultural factors contribute to childhood obesity. Energy-dense foods are often more affordable and aggressively marketed towards children, while some cultures may associate higher weights in children with being healthy.
Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Interim Report on the right to food, A/71/282, (2016). Par. 14. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/71/282
Food policy Nutritional surveillance Physical activity Industry interference Food and nutrition security Breastfeeding
6. Malnutrition includes undernutrition, micronutrient deficiency and conditions associated with excess intake and nutritional imbalance. Undernutrition is a consequence of consuming too few essential nutrients, caused by either insufficient food intake or repeated infectious diseases. The most basic kind of undernutrition is protein energy malnutrition, which in its acute form leads to wasting. Identifying wasting in children is crucial because...
6. Malnutrition includes undernutrition, micronutrient deficiency and conditions associated with excess intake and nutritional imbalance. Undernutrition is a consequence of consuming too few essential nutrients, caused by either insufficient food intake or repeated infectious diseases. The most basic kind of undernutrition is protein energy malnutrition, which in its acute form leads to wasting. Identifying wasting in children is crucial because the condition is reversible, if appropriately addressed. In its chronic form, it is caused by sustained poor dietary intake or repeated infections during the first 1,000 days of a child’s life and can lead to stunting. Stunting is irreversible and leads to shortness in stature, immediate and long-term morbidity and mortality and problems with cognitive functioning. (...)
8. “Unbalanced nutrition” occurs when the body is exposed to too much dietary energy and leads to overweight and obesity. It may result from eating too much or too many of the wrong things, as well as insufficient exercise, and can lead to an increased risk of heart disease, hypertension, diabetes and diet-related cancers.
9. Traditionally, undernutrition and “hidden hunger” were considered specific to the developing world, while obesity was commonly perceived to mostly affect developed countries. It is now recognized that different forms of malnutrition coexist within most countries. Obesity rates are increasing in developing nations that are exposed to globalization while undergoing economic transition and urban migration. This is part of the global “nutrition transition”, which is seeing a rise in consumption of energy-dense yet nutrient-poor foods, coupled with more sedentarY lifestyles. As a consequence, many countries are now confronted with not only undernutrition but also rising rates of obesity
Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Interim Report on the right to food, A/71/282, (2016). Par. 6,8,9. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/71/282
Food policy Other Health-related issues Food marketing regulations Food production Food and nutrition security Access to water Environment and health
46. Article 6 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child also includes provisions to support healthy childhood development. Article 24 (2) (c) reiterates the link between the rights to food and water and the right to the highest attainable standard of health. States must protect children against disease and malnutrition through the provision of adequate, nutritious foods and...
46. Article 6 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child also includes provisions to support healthy childhood development. Article 24 (2) (c) reiterates the link between the rights to food and water and the right to the highest attainable standard of health. States must protect children against disease and malnutrition through the provision of adequate, nutritious foods and clean drinking water, taking into consideration the dangers and risks of environmental pollution. Further, article 32 assigns the State the responsibility to provide protection for children from economic exploitation.
Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Interim report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food, A/73/164, (2019). Par. 46. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/73/164
Food policy Other Health-related issues Industry interference
71. States cannot place civil society on the same footing as State and market actors, or ignore the concentrated power and conflicts of interest embedded in the private sector. Promoting a more balanced, inclusive and participatory governance space must start with States asserting greater regulatory authority over industry to ensure that human rights, environmental protections and labour standards are respected...
71. States cannot place civil society on the same footing as State and market actors, or ignore the concentrated power and conflicts of interest embedded in the private sector. Promoting a more balanced, inclusive and participatory governance space must start with States asserting greater regulatory authority over industry to ensure that human rights, environmental protections and labour standards are respected and protected according to the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. It also requires guaranteeing access to justice, especially for those who are often left behind. The review of Goal 16 at the high-level political forum in July 2019 will reveal progress in promoting this access, and the remaining challenges.
Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Interim report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food, A/74/164, (2019). Par. 71. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/74/164
Food policy Other Health-related issues Packaging and labeling Food marketing regulations Schools and meals programs Food production Industry interference Education and information Food and nutrition security
3O. In an age of industrialized agriculture, easy access to cheap, processed foods which are high in sugar, salt and fat, is contributing to all forms of malnutrition and the spread of non-communicable diseases among children. Some States are taking steps under Goal 2 and WHO recommendations to regulate the food industry by removing processed foods from school vending machines;...
3O. In an age of industrialized agriculture, easy access to cheap, processed foods which are high in sugar, salt and fat, is contributing to all forms of malnutrition and the spread of non-communicable diseases among children. Some States are taking steps under Goal 2 and WHO recommendations to regulate the food industry by removing processed foods from school vending machines; introducing nutritionsensitive school feeding programmes, labelling initiatives and advertising restrictions; and adopting economic measures for imported food and drinks classified as “unhealthy”. Still, such measures are sporadic, and States need to embrace a more active regulatory role to monitor and enforce industry compliance.
Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Interim report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food, A/74/164, (2019). Par. 30. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/74/164
Food policy Other Health-related issues Nutritional surveillance Food and nutrition security Access to water Environment and health
5. Globally, hunger has risen since 2015 affecting more than 820 million people. Adult obesity rates have increased each year and fewer than 5 per cent of countries are on track to meet goals to address childhood obesity. Hidden hunger, or micronutrient deficiencies, affects millions of people, including the 151 million children under 5 who experienced stunted growth in 2017....
5. Globally, hunger has risen since 2015 affecting more than 820 million people. Adult obesity rates have increased each year and fewer than 5 per cent of countries are on track to meet goals to address childhood obesity. Hidden hunger, or micronutrient deficiencies, affects millions of people, including the 151 million children under 5 who experienced stunted growth in 2017. Conflicts and climate change-induced weather events further intensify human suffering, create unprecedented displacement and cause rapid deterioration of land and water ecosystems. These drivers impede sustainable development efforts and exacerbate inequality.
Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Interim report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food, A/74/164, (2019). Par. 5. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/74/164
Food policy Food marketing regulations Nutritional surveillance Industry interference Food and nutrition security
33. Meanwhile, for the first time in history, there are more obese than undernourished people in the world, with obesity rates having nearly tripled since 1975.31 Overweight adults are now increasing at 13.2 per cent per annum, compared to 11.7 per cent in 2012, leading to 4 million deaths globally. More than 40 million children worldwide are overweight, with Africa...
33. Meanwhile, for the first time in history, there are more obese than undernourished people in the world, with obesity rates having nearly tripled since 1975.31 Overweight adults are now increasing at 13.2 per cent per annum, compared to 11.7 per cent in 2012, leading to 4 million deaths globally. More than 40 million children worldwide are overweight, with Africa and Asia the most burdened.32 Those numbers have implications for individual health outcomes and the greater health-care landscape: the economic impact of obesity is estimated at $2 trillion, or 2.8 per cent of the world’s GDP – roughly equivalent to the costs of armed conflict.
34. These alarming rates of obesity and diet-related diseases are associated with the “supermarketization” of food systems, especially in Africa. Studies have found that middleclass Africans are more likely to purchase highly processed foods rather than fresh foods. These trends are also present in Latin America, where supermarketization and fast food chain diffusion have contributed to a rise in malnutrition and in particular obesity. The food industry targets children, marketing highly processed, low-nutrient foods across multiple media, especially in urban areas. If current trends continue, 70 million infants and young children will be overweight or obese by 2025.
Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food: Critical perspective on food systems, food crises and the future of the right to food, A/HRC/43/44, (2020). Par.
33, 34. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/HRC/43/44
Food policy Industry interference Trade and investment
68. With regard to the international obligations of States, the Special Rapporteur recommends that States take the following steps: (a) Accord primacy to the right to health in international investment and trade agreements, and ensure that the right to health is not impaired by the provisions of these agreements or their implementation; (b) Extend assistance and cooperation to other States, which, due...
68. With regard to the international obligations of States, the Special Rapporteur recommends that States take the following steps:
(a) Accord primacy to the right to health in international investment and trade agreements, and ensure that the right to health is not impaired by the provisions of these agreements or their implementation;
(b) Extend assistance and cooperation to other States, which, due to limited resources available to them, may be unable to attain required nutrition standards, leading to an increased burden of diet-related NCDs;
(c) Formulate goals and take concrete steps, jointly and individually, to reduce the burden of diet-related NCDs in a manner that also takes into account available resources of each State.
Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to
the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health: Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development, A/HRC/26/31, (2014). Par. 68. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/HRC/26/31
Food policy Industry interference Education and information Trade and investment
67. With a view to making accountability and remedial mechanisms available and accessible to victims of violations, the Special Rapporteur recommends that States take the following steps: (a) Ensure that international investment and trade agreements are entered into with full transparency and participation of affected groups by conducting open discussions before, during and after negotiation of the agreements; (b) Encourage and...
67. With a view to making accountability and remedial mechanisms available and accessible to victims of violations, the Special Rapporteur recommends that States take the following steps:
(a) Ensure that international investment and trade agreements are entered into with full transparency and participation of affected groups by conducting open discussions before, during and after negotiation of the agreements;
(b) Encourage and promote independent monitoring of activities of the State and the food industry. Urge participation of affected people and local communities in monitoring such activities;
(c) Ensure remedies through legislation and appropriate mechanisms against States and non-State actors for failure to take steps towards their obligations under the right to health and to fulfil their international commitments on reduction of diet-related NCDs.
Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to
the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health: Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development, A/HRC/26/31, (2014). Par. 67. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/HRC/26/31
Food policy Packaging and labeling Food marketing regulations Industry interference Education and information Trade and investment
66. Recognizing the role of the food industry in the growing burden of NCDs, the Special Rapporteur recommends that the food industry take the following steps: (a) Adopt internationally acceptable nutritional labelling guidelines and comply with domestically-enacted guidelines in this respect; (b) Refrain from marketing, promoting and advertising of unhealthy foods to the population, especially to children; (c) Invest in improving the nutritional...
66. Recognizing the role of the food industry in the growing burden of NCDs, the Special Rapporteur recommends that the food industry take the following steps:
(a) Adopt internationally acceptable nutritional labelling guidelines and comply with domestically-enacted guidelines in this respect;
(b) Refrain from marketing, promoting and advertising of unhealthy foods to the population, especially to children;
(c) Invest in improving the nutritional content of unhealthy foods;
(d) Increase transparency of nutritional information on food products, while desisting from making false and misleading health claims;
(e) Abstain from undermining public health nutrition efforts, including through such means as funding and publicizing biased research, instituting front groups and conducting expensive and onerous litigation.
Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to
the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health: Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development, A/HRC/26/31, (2014). Par. 66. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/HRC/26/31
Food policy Schools and meals programs Education and information Food and nutrition security
65. With a view to ensuring their obligation to realize the right to health of vulnerable groups such as children, women and low-income groups, the Special Rapporteur recommends that States take the following steps: (a) Address gender stereotypes in preparation of meals that place an unequal burden of cooking on women; (b) Formulate and implement health education programmes to promote healthy food...
65. With a view to ensuring their obligation to realize the right to health of vulnerable groups such as children, women and low-income groups, the Special Rapporteur recommends that States take the following steps:
(a) Address gender stereotypes in preparation of meals that place an unequal burden of cooking on women;
(b) Formulate and implement health education programmes to promote healthy food options in such institutional settings as schools, health or youth centres and workplaces by involving children, parents and employees, respectively;
(c) Ensure that social welfare schemes for low-income groups make relevant information available and provide access to healthier food options to eliminate “food deserts”.
Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health: Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development, A/HRC/26/31, (2014). Par. 65. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/HRC/26/31
Food policy Other Health-related issues Fiscal measures Packaging and labeling Food marketing regulations Food production Industry interference Education and information Food and nutrition security Trade and investment
63. In keeping with their obligations to respect, protect and fulfil the right to health, States should formulate and implement a national public health strategy and plan of action to address diet-related NCDs, which should be widely disseminated. Such a strategy should recognize the link between unhealthy foods and NCDs, while specifically addressing the structural flaws in food production, marketing...
63. In keeping with their obligations to respect, protect and fulfil the right to health, States should formulate and implement a national public health strategy and plan of action to address diet-related NCDs, which should be widely disseminated. Such a strategy should recognize the link between unhealthy foods and NCDs, while specifically addressing the structural flaws in food production, marketing and retail that promote the availability and accessibility of unhealthy foods over healthier options. Towards this end, States should necessarily develop multisectoral approaches that include all relevant ministries such as ministries of health, agriculture, finance, industry and trade. States should also ensure meaningful and effective participation of affected communities such as farmers and vulnerable groups like children, women and low-income groups in all levels of decision-making to discourage production and consumption of unhealthy foods and promote the availability and accessibility of healthier food options.
64. With a view to respecting, protecting and fulfilling the right to health, the Special Rapporteur recommends that States take the following steps:
(a) Increase availability and accessibility of healthier food alternatives through fiscal and agricultural policies that discourage production of unhealthy foods. Also take measures to incentivize farmers to grow healthier products;
(b) Make nutritious and healthy foods available and geographically and economically accessible, especially to low-income groups;
(c) Provide information about the ill effects of unhealthy foods and raise awareness of the benefits of balanced diets and healthy foods to promote consumption of healthier foods;
(d) Adopt, implement and enforce easy-to-understand labelling and nutritional profiling requirements, such as “traffic light” labelling;
(e) Encourage TNCs, through incentives and other fiscal measures, to manufacture and sell healthier alternatives of foods and beverages that are not harmful to the people’s health;
(f) Regulate the marketing, advertisement and promotion of unhealthy foods, particularly to women and children, to reduce their visibility and to increase the visibility of healthier options by, for instance, requiring supermarkets to place fruits and vegetables in more accessible and visible places.
Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to
the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health: Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development, A/HRC/26/31, (2014). Par. 63 & 64. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/HRC/26/31
Food policy Packaging and labeling Food marketing regulations Schools and meals programs Food production Food and nutrition security Trade and investment
52. Commercial investment treaties cast obligations that are automatically binding on States. To abide by these obligations, States may be compelled to modify national policies such as agricultural or labelling policies. As a result, the function of States to formulate domestic policy gets distorted in favour of the private rights of food and beverage industries, rather than the public rights...
52. Commercial investment treaties cast obligations that are automatically binding on States. To abide by these obligations, States may be compelled to modify national policies such as agricultural or labelling policies. As a result, the function of States to formulate domestic policy gets distorted in favour of the private rights of food and beverage industries, rather than the public rights of the affected population. The right to health framework, on the other hand, requires transparency in activities that directly or indirectly affect governance. It acts as a check against arbitrary decisions that may be taken by States and pre-empts violations of the right to health. One of the ways in which States could ensure transparency is by opening negotiations to include affected people such as farmers and consumers. At minimum, States should make the content of negotiations and agreements available for public scrutiny and invite comments by stakeholders before entering into these agreements.
53. Accountability can also be ensured through indicators, benchmarks and targets against which the performance of State and non-State actors in achieving goals to reduce risk and prevalence of NCDs can be monitored and evaluated. As multiple agencies of the State may be involved in regulating activities of the food industry and the provision of nutritious food, information outlining their individual and joint efforts towards attaining the set benchmarks should be made public. Making information available to the public and independent monitoring bodies will enable them to assess the activities of the food industry and their compliance with domestic marketing, labelling and nutrition standards and laws. States should also encourage monitoring of other non-State actors such as private schools and broadcasting agencies to review their policy vis-à-vis the food industry. Review and evaluation of actions taken and standards adopted by States and non-State actors to ensure the sale and availability of nutritious foods comprise the accountability framework.
Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to
the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health: Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development, A/HRC/26/31, (2014). Par. 52 & 53. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/HRC/26/31
Food policy Industry interference Education and information Trade and investment
50. States have an obligation to make legislative, judicial and administrative mechanisms available, accessible and effective to enable people to hold States and non-State actors accountable and claim remedies for violations of their right to health. Omission by States to legislate and enforce regulatory frameworks with respect to the food industry may in itself be a violation of the right...
50. States have an obligation to make legislative, judicial and administrative mechanisms available, accessible and effective to enable people to hold States and non-State actors accountable and claim remedies for violations of their right to health. Omission by States to legislate and enforce regulatory frameworks with respect to the food industry may in itself be a violation of the right to health. For instance, if the State fails to put into place laws requiring the provision and dissemination of information, people may not be in a position to make informed choices about their diet, which may prevent them from realizing their highest attainable standard of health.
51. States should not only ensure that relevant laws and policies are in place, but also that they are formulated, implemented and monitored in a transparent manner, in line with the right to health. Transparency should be ensured at all times, including when negotiating international obligations. Although transparency is required by some investment treaties, it is linked to the promotion and protection of international investment. The thrust is towards ensuring that laws and regulations, which may affect investments, are made publicly available to the contracting parties. Some international organizations have adopted transparency principles that pertain, however, to the predictability of investment rules and regulations to protect the commercial interest of contracting parties, which benefits the private commercial interests of TNCs. Furthermore, these treaties are negotiated in secret without any discussion at the domestic level, which is not compatible with the right to health framework.
Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to
the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health: Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development, A/HRC/26/31, (2014). Par. 50 & 51. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/HRC/26/31
Food policy Education and information Food and nutrition security
46. In combating NCDs, States should therefore ensure that they comprehensively address socioeconomic disparities. They should ensure that food security or poverty reduction plans adequately address the need for healthier food options. They could do so, for example, by increasing availability of fruits and vegetables under food security schemes, incentivizing food retailers to stock healthy foods in low-income neighbourhoods or...
46. In combating NCDs, States should therefore ensure that they comprehensively address socioeconomic disparities. They should ensure that food security or poverty reduction plans adequately address the need for healthier food options. They could do so, for example, by increasing availability of fruits and vegetables under food security schemes, incentivizing food retailers to stock healthy foods in low-income neighbourhoods or improving public transport to areas where healthy foods are available. In particular, social programmes aimed at ensuring food and nutritional security can be a useful tool for improving health, if they are sufficiently funded to allow for the purchase of healthy options and are combined with appropriate measures to provide nutrition education and make healthy foods available and accessible to those receiving benefits. Finally, States should work to eliminate inequities in access to primary and preventive care, to lessen the disproportionate effects of unhealthy foods on low-income communities.
Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to
the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health: Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development, A/HRC/26/31, (2014). Par. 46. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/HRC/26/31
Food policy Other Health-related issues Food marketing regulations Schools and meals programs Education and information
38. States are urged to implement their obligations regarding children’s right to health, which requires States to address obesity in children, limit children’s exposure to fast foods and drinks high in sugar and caffeine and other harmful substances, regulate the marketing of such foods and control their availability in schools and other places frequented by children. States should also ensure...
38. States are urged to implement their obligations regarding children’s right to health, which requires States to address obesity in children, limit children’s exposure to fast foods and drinks high in sugar and caffeine and other harmful substances, regulate the marketing of such foods and control their availability in schools and other places frequented by children. States should also ensure that effective health education and awareness programmes are targeted toward children, such as countermarketing campaigns or peer education programmes, and that healthy food options and information relating to them are available at institutions serving children, such as schools, paediatric health facilities or youth centres.
Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to
the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health: Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development, A/HRC/26/31, (2014). Par. 38. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/HRC/26/31
Food policy Food marketing regulations Schools and meals programs Industry interference
36. In addition to marketing of unhealthy food targeted at children, including through toy giveaways, competitions, social media, cartoon characters, games, television, movies, interactive websites and in youth-oriented settings such as schools and recreation centres, parents are also often targeted by such pervasive marketing. This is done to encourage parents to buy unhealthy foods for their children. In many...
36. In addition to marketing of unhealthy food targeted at children, including through toy giveaways, competitions, social media, cartoon characters, games, television, movies, interactive websites and in youth-oriented settings such as schools and recreation centres, parents are also often targeted by such pervasive marketing. This is done to encourage parents to buy unhealthy foods for their children. In many cases, the food industry’s marketing to children and their parents may be disproportionately aimed at particular racial, ethnic or socioeconomic groups, exacerbating health inequities faced by those groups.
37. Children are also frequently exposed to junk foods in both public and private settings. Food served or sold in institutional settings such as schools may be disproportionately weighted towards junk foods or other foods of limited nutritional value, particularly in school lunch programmes, where funds for healthier foods may be limited. Other places serving children and youth, such as sports centres, may also lack healthy food options. In the private sector, meals designed for children are often high in fat, sugar and salt, and fail to meet children’s nutritional needs, especially at fast food establishments. This may be the case even for foods marketed as “healthy” children’s meals. Where genuinely nutritious options are available, the default option may still be the unhealthy one.
Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to
the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health: Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development, A/HRC/26/31, (2014). Par. 36 & 37. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/HRC/26/31
Food policy Packaging and labeling Food marketing regulations Industry interference Education and information
31. As the food industry plays a key role in the global food environment and is recognized as the primary driver of diet-related NCDs, it has a distinct responsibility to take steps to realize the right to health. While many challenges facing the food system, like environmental pressures such as draughts and floods, are out of the control of the...
31. As the food industry plays a key role in the global food environment and is recognized as the primary driver of diet-related NCDs, it has a distinct responsibility to take steps to realize the right to health. While many challenges facing the food system, like environmental pressures such as draughts and floods, are out of the control of the food industry, there are several areas where it can make a positive impact on health by investing in and influencing healthier food choices. To this end, the industry should consider adopting standards to improve the nutritional quality of foods through product reformulation and to improve labelling and information on their products to contribute to healthier diets. The food industry should also invest in research to improve the nutritional content of their products rather than investing in increasing the marketability of existing products. Furthermore, supermarkets and fast food restaurants should take steps to market and promote healthier options. For example, in addition to providing calorie content of meals on menu cards, fast food restaurants should adopt appropriate nutrient profiling models that indicate the nutritional composition of the foods available.
32. In furthering their responsibility to respect the right to health, the food industry should ensure the transparency of nutritional information and composition, an area where thus far the efforts of the food industry have been woefully lacking. The food industry should take concrete steps to ensure that consumers have sufficient nutritional information about their products to aid and promote more responsible dietary decisions. Moreover, creating and implementing mechanisms that promote disclosures of conflicts of interest within their governance structures can contribute towards efforts to ensure transparency of the operations of the food industry. This is of particular relevance where global health funders, who are also non-State actors, are shareholders or sit on the governance boards of the food industry or vice versa.
Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to
the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, A/HRC/26/31, (2014). Par. 31 & 32. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/HRC/26/31
Food policy Food marketing regulations Industry interference
29. The responsibility to respect the right to health requires the food industry to refrain from engaging in activities that negatively impact the right of people to the highest attainable standard of health. Where States have enacted legislation as part of national health policies to discourage consumption of unhealthy foods and promote healthier options, the food industry has the responsibility...
29. The responsibility to respect the right to health requires the food industry to refrain from engaging in activities that negatively impact the right of people to the highest attainable standard of health. Where States have enacted legislation as part of national health policies to discourage consumption of unhealthy foods and promote healthier options, the food industry has the responsibility to comply with such laws and desist from undertaking activities that would undermine these policies. They should take measures to prevent, mitigate and remedy adverse impacts of their actions. For example, in light of the negative impact of food marketing and promotion activities on children’s diets, the food industry has the responsibility to refrain from advertising unhealthy products to children in accordance with national laws and regulations. Failure to exercise such restraint under domestic law may amount not only to a violation of the law, but also of the right to health. Similarly, the food industry should desist from promoting false or misleading health claims about their products, consistent with their responsibility to respect the right to health. Health claims about food products have often been shown to be unverifiable and deceptive about relative health benefits. Moreover, even where unhealthy ingredients like sugar and fat content are replaced with refined starch and promoted as “healthier” food options, they are still processed foods with minor improvement in nutritional quality.
30. Studies have shown that the food industry uses various strategies to undermine public health nutrition efforts. For example, the food industry hires prominent academics for their advisory boards, which may result in findings being more favourable towards the food industry, with the danger that the food industry may use such biased findings to support its claims on nutrition. Other tactics include the funding of front groups (that appear independent, yet are controlled by other organizations), lobbying and instituting lawsuits and threats thereof. It has also been shown that, under the guise of corporate social responsibility to meet their ethical obligations towards society at large, big soft drink companies have attempted to shift the burden of the responsibility to make healthier choices onto consumers instead of addressing their role in creating an unhealthy food environment. Furthermore, corporate social responsibility has also been used by the big soft drink industry as a means to thwart attempts at government regulation and increase sales of their products, particularly to children. Such acts result in a negation of the right to health.
Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health: Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development, A/HRC/26/31, (2014). Par. 29 & 30. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/HRC/26/31
Food policy Tobacco control Industry interference
28. Although international human rights instruments refer to States as primary duty-bearers, non-State actors are also charged with the responsibility to respect the right to health. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights prohibits the violation of human rights enshrined therein not only by States, but also by any “group or person”, clearly implicating the responsibility of non-State...
28. Although international human rights instruments refer to States as primary duty-bearers, non-State actors are also charged with the responsibility to respect the right to health. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights prohibits the violation of human rights enshrined therein not only by States, but also by any “group or person”, clearly implicating the responsibility of non-State actors in the realization of human rights (article 5). The right to health framework further crystalizes this position and provides that while only State parties to the Covenant are thus ultimately accountable for compliance with it, all members of society as well as the private business sector have responsibilities regarding the realization of the right to health. In the context of business corporations and TNCs, several guidelines have been adopted internationally that clarify that business corporations and TNCs have the responsibility to respect human rights, which includes the right to health. The responsibilities of business enterprises are independent of the State’s obligations to realize its obligations towards human rights and also of corporations’ obligations to comply with national laws and regulations.
Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health: Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development, A/HRC/26/31, (2014). Par. 28. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/HRC/26/31
Food policy Food marketing regulations Schools and meals programs Industry interference
23. To address the issue of aggressive marketing, some States have supported self-regulation and have allowed food companies to voluntarily regulate their practices related to marketing and nutritional content of unhealthy foods to children. Companies often voluntarily adopt self-formulated guidelines and standards to restrict Government regulation and respond public demands. They have also taken joint initiatives and formulated guidelines...
23. To address the issue of aggressive marketing, some States have supported self-regulation and have allowed food companies to voluntarily regulate their practices related to marketing and nutritional content of unhealthy foods to children. Companies often voluntarily adopt self-formulated guidelines and standards to restrict Government regulation and respond public demands. They have also taken joint initiatives and formulated guidelines for member companies to restrict advertising and promoting practices with respect to children. However, self-regulation by companies has not had any significant effect on altering food marketing strategies. Due to a variety of reasons, such as the non-binding nature of such self-regulation, lack of benchmarks and transparency, inconsistent definition of children and different nutrition criteria, companies may be able to circumvent guidelines, blunting the intended effect of marketing guidelines they instituted.
24. Collaboration between Governments and food corporations has been recommended as an alternative to self-regulation. One of the major reasons cited for promoting partnerships between private food companies and Governments is that food corporations have the ability to promote healthier dietary habits and are therefore a part of the solution to reduce and prevent the obesity epidemic. However, the conflict of interest between the State’s duty to promote public health and companies’ responsibility towards their shareholders to increase profits renders private–public partnership suspect. In addition, the close relationship between food and beverage companies and Government agencies may lead to a lack of transparency and independence of regulatory authorities, which may undermine the effectiveness of public–private partnerships in States’ efforts to reduce diet-related NCDs.
25. Owing to the inherent problems associated with self-regulation and public–private partnerships, there is a need for States to adopt laws that prevent companies from using insidious marketing strategies. The responsibility to protect the enjoyment of the right to health warrants State intervention in situations when third parties, such as food companies, use their position to influence dietary habits by directly or indirectly encouraging unhealthy diets, which negatively affect people’s health. Therefore, States have a positive duty to regulate unhealthy food advertising and the promotion strategies of food companies. Under the right to health, States are especially required to protect vulnerable groups such as children from violations of their right to health. To reduce opportunities for targeted advertisements, some States have instituted laws to ban companies from advertising their products to children below a certain age and to limit the availability of unhealthy foods in schools.
Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to
the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health: Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development, A/HRC/26/31, (2014). Par. 23, 24 and 25. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/HRC/26/31
Food policy Food marketing regulations Industry interference Food and nutrition security
10. Global food promotion, marketing and advertising are closely linked with globalization, leading to dietary transitions towards unhealthy foods. The aim of food marketing is to increase demand for products by making people develop the habit of consuming the product regularly. Aggressive expansionist strategies pursued by TNCs in emerging economies over the last few decades have increased the visibility and...
10. Global food promotion, marketing and advertising are closely linked with globalization, leading to dietary transitions towards unhealthy foods. The aim of food marketing is to increase demand for products by making people develop the habit of consuming the product regularly. Aggressive expansionist strategies pursued by TNCs in emerging economies over the last few decades have increased the visibility and familiarity of global food brands, which are then leveraged to increase consumption of these products. Specific marketing tools are used to increase consumption by ensuring the presence of global food brands in as many places as possible at affordable prices, while expanding the variety of their products to suit local tastes and purchasing capacities. In order to cater to some rural areas and low-income populations, soft drink companies have invested in smaller bottles at lower prices to create acceptability of the product. In other places, portion sizes are increased to encourage greater consumption. At an individual level, increased purchasing power and the convenience of ready-to-eat products promote the consumption of unhealthy foods. At a population level, the aggressive and systematic marketing strategies used by TNCs fuel this demand.
11. The food industry spends billions of dollars on persistent and pervasive promotion and marketing of unhealthy foods. TNCs often enter into exclusive contracts with fast food outlets to sell their foods. Varied pricing strategies are used as a mechanism to elicit demand for unhealthy products. Supermarkets have also been found to provide more price discounts for unhealthy foods compared to healthy foods.
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22. To prevent harm to people’s health and fulfill their obligation under the right to health, States should put in place national policies to regulate advertising of unhealthy foods. States should formulate laws and a regulatory framework with the objective of reducing children’s exposure to powerful food and drink marketing. Such regulations should ensure that the food industry provide accurate and reader-friendly nutrition information when advertising their products.
Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health: Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development, A/HRC/26/31, (2014). Par. 10, 11, 22. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/HRC/26/31
Food policy Food production Industry interference Food and nutrition security Trade and investment
7. The 1980s “structural adjustment programmes” of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank compelled developing countries to open up their markets, including the food sector, to foreign trade as a part of loan fulfilling conditions. Agreements negotiated at the World Trade Organization sought further market integration by reducing tariffs and non-tariff barriers to trade, curtailing export subsidies and...
7. The 1980s “structural adjustment programmes” of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank compelled developing countries to open up their markets, including the food sector, to foreign trade as a part of loan fulfilling conditions. Agreements negotiated at the World Trade Organization sought further market integration by reducing tariffs and non-tariff barriers to trade, curtailing export subsidies and removing protections of domestic industry to promote the freer flow of goods and services. These policies were implemented as a means of increasing the efficiency of the food system in producing the foods that people needed and wanted, but they had significant effects on the types of available foods and their costs. As a result, there has been a drastic increase in production of certain products relative to others. For example, there was a substantial increase in the global production of vegetable oils such as partially hydrogenated soybean oil, a source of trans-fats, and palm oil, a source of saturated fats. Similarly, grains such as corn are produced in larger quantities to cater to the food processing industry to produce sweeteners like high-fructose corn syrup, substantially increasing global calorie consumption from such sweeteners (A/HRC/19/59, pp. 13–14). Studies show that countries adopting market deregulation policies experience a faster increase in unhealthy food consumption and mean body mass index, an indicator of obesity. In furthering the goals of market expansion and profits, critical focus areas of health such as diets and nutrition have not been given due consideration.
Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to
the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health: Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development, A/HRC/26/31, (2014). Par. 7. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/HRC/26/31
Food policy Food marketing regulations Physical activity Industry interference Food and nutrition security
2. More than 36 million people die from NCDs every year. NCDs have outstripped communicable diseases as the leading cause of death in most parts of the world. Four main diseases – cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes – account for a majority of NCD-related deaths. Unhealthy diets are one of the primary modifiable risk factors associated with...
2. More than 36 million people die from NCDs every year. NCDs have outstripped communicable diseases as the leading cause of death in most parts of the world. Four main diseases – cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes – account for a majority of NCD-related deaths. Unhealthy diets are one of the primary modifiable risk factors associated with NCDs and account for 2.7 million deaths annually. Low- and middle-income countries suffer a greater burden of NCD mortality, with 80 per cent of all NCD deaths occurring in these countries. Unhealthy diets are also linked to high rates of obesity, a growing global epidemic that kills around 2.8 million people a year and is a known risk factor for NCDs.
3. Diets high in intake of foods such as burgers, pizzas, red meats, crisps, biscuits, salty snacks, sugary drinks that contain high levels of sugar, salt, trans-fats and saturated fats are known to pose a greater risk for obesity and NCDs. Most of these foods are ultraprocessed, ready to eat but energy-dense and containing empty calories devoid of nutritional value. Unhealthy foods consumed in small quantities and in addition to healthier sources are not necessarily harmful to health. However, given their high availability and palatability, and due to aggressive marketing, they have replaced healthier foods in diets. This is a particularly worrying trend for low- and middle-income countries, as the rate of consumption of unhealthy foods for such countries is projected to outpace high-income countries. While excess calories consumed from unhealthy foods may be expended through physical activity, the shift in technology from labour-intensive to service-oriented occupations and changes in modes of transportation have resulted in sedentary lifestyles and thereby reduced physical activity and energy expenditure.
Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to
the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health: Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development, A/HRC/26/31, (2014). Par. 2,3 . Available at: https://undocs.org/A/HRC/26/31
Food policy Tobacco control Food marketing regulations Schools and meals programs Industry interference Digital environment Tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship (TAPS)
101. Many States have adopted laws, but commercial advertising and marketing remains mostly self-regulated. This situation is unsatisfactory, leading to poor overall implementation, gaps, inconsistencies and legal uncertainty for both the industry and the public, as well as a paucity of clear, transparent and efficient complaint mechanisms. (...) 103. The Special Rapporteur recommends in particular that: (a) States adopt legislation on...
101. Many States have adopted laws, but commercial advertising and marketing remains mostly self-regulated. This situation is unsatisfactory, leading to poor overall implementation, gaps, inconsistencies and legal uncertainty for both the industry and the public, as well as a paucity of clear, transparent and efficient complaint mechanisms. (...)
103. The Special Rapporteur recommends in particular that: (a) States adopt legislation on commercial advertising and marketing that regroups dispersed codes of ethics and clearly refers to the obligation to respect and protect human rights, in particular the right to freedom of thought, opinion and expression, the right to privacy and family life, the rights of women, children, minorities and indigenous peoples, the right to health, food, education and leisure, the right to take part in cultural life and the right to artistic freedom; (b) Local authorities, in particular municipalities, adopt regulations in their spheres of competency regarding commercial advertising, with reference to human rights standards as mentioned in subparagraph (a) above; (c) Companies adopt self-regulatory codes, in compliance with human rights standards, establishing a global responsible marketing and advertising policy and prohibiting harmful and unethical advertising, in particular to children; (d) States, local authorities and bodies responsible for overseeing the implementation of self-regulated codes provide clear, simple and easily accessible information to their constituents about the legal framework in place, the authorities responsible and the remedies available, with a good initiative being to issue practical guidelines for citizens and consumers of the various rules and codes in place and possible remedies. 104. The Special Rapporteur recommends that legislation, regulations and policies adopted by States and local authorities, where relevant: (a) Be adopted or amended following consultations with civil society organizations, and not only the corporate sector; (b) Be geared towards reducing the level of commercial advertising and marketing that people receive daily, indicating in particular what should be considered as unreasonable in terms of, for example, the number, intensity and frequency of advertisements, sound volume, luminosity, location and size, and be aimed at the proactive implementation of environmental and other legislation through the prompt removal of illegal advertising; (c) Be based on the fundamental principle that commercial advertising and marketing should always be clearly identifiable and distinguishable from other content on all media, in all places and on all supports, and that this be tested with the target audience and be applied to all new advertising strategies, including the use of brand ambassadors and native advertising; ensure that messages are labelled as advertising in an internationally recognized format; and establish a compulsory, clear and uniform system of labelling for all in-game advertising and “advergames”; (d) Prohibit all resort to subliminal and surreptitious methods, and restrict advertising that is processed implicitly, taking into consideration various factors such as the age and capacity of the persons targeted as well as the amount of advertisements they receive, and provide that the example of countries that have restricted brain-imaging techniques to scientific, medical and judiciary usage be followed; (e) Ban all commercial advertising and marketing in public and private schools and ensure that curricula are independent from commercial interests; (f) Further identify spaces that should be completely or especially protected from commercial advertising, such as kindergartens, universities, nurseries, hospitals, cemeteries, parks, sports facilities and playgrounds, as well as cultural heritage sites and such cultural institutions as museums, with the banning or drastic limitation of outdoor advertising as an option, as exemplified by several cities in the world; (g) Prohibit all forms of advertising to children under 12 years of age, regardless of the medium, support or means used, with the possible extension of such prohibition to children under 16 years of age, and ban the practice of child brand ambassadors; (h) Contain unequivocal definitions, in particular of the various advertising and marketing practices being regulated, measurable targets and strong monitoring mechanisms with meaningful sanctions.
Special Rapporteur in the field of cultural rights, Report on cultural rights: Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms, A/69/286, (2014). Par. 101, 103, 104. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/69/286
Food policy Ecuador CRC Nutritional surveillance Food and nutrition security Breastfeeding
59. While noting more recent information by the State party that infant mortality has decreased and that poverty maps are helping the distribution of food through the school system, the Committee urges the State party to continue expanding maternal and child health services and nutritional surveillance and support including to more remote areas, in a gender and culturally sensitive manner...
59. While noting more recent information by the State party that infant mortality has decreased and that poverty maps are helping the distribution of food through the school system, the Committee urges the State party to continue expanding maternal and child health services and nutritional surveillance and support including to more remote areas, in a gender and culturally sensitive manner and with an emphasis on prevention and promotion. The Committee further recommends that the International Code of Marketing Breast-milk Substitutes be disseminated. It further recommends that coordination with other actors of the Integral Protection System and teamwork be improved. The Committee also urges the State party to continue to increase public allocations to health, as required in the Constitution.
Committee on the rights of the Child, Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 44 of the Convention-Concluding observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child: Ecuador, CRC/C/ECU/CO/4, (2010). Par. 59. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fECU%2fCO%2f4&Lang=en
Other Health-related issues Colombia CRC Education and information
75. The Committee recommends that the State party: (a) Strengthen its measures to prevent mother-to-child transmission, inter alia through awareness-raising campaigns among adolescentss, in particular among those belonging to vulnerable groups such as the internally displaced and street children;...
75. The Committee recommends that the State party: (a) Strengthen its measures to prevent mother-to-child transmission, inter alia through awareness-raising campaigns among adolescentss, in particular among those belonging to vulnerable groups such as the internally displaced and street children;
Committee on the Rights of the Child. Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 44 of the Convention, CRC/C/COL/CO/3, (2006). Par. 75 (a). Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fCOL%2fCO%2f3&Lang=en
Food policy Other Health-related issues Colombia CRC Food and nutrition security
68. In particular, the Committee is concerned that: (c) Malnutrition continues t
2020 - Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Recommendation #25 par. 59 (2020) - 2111
https://righttohealthpolicyhub.org/database/committee-on-economic-social-and-cultural-rights-general-recommendation-25-par-59-2020Food policy Tobacco control CESCR Industry interference
59. In some cases, scientific research conducted or financed by private actors can create conflicts of interests, for instance, when business corporations support research related to the type of economic activities in which they are involved, as happened in the past with some tobacco companies. Mechanisms should be established for the disclosure of these actual or perceived conflicts of interest....
Text of the recommendation
59. In some cases, scientific research conducted or financed by private actors can create conflicts of interests, for instance, when business corporations support research related to the type of economic activities in which they are involved, as happened in the past with some tobacco companies. Mechanisms should be established for the disclosure of these actual or perceived conflicts of interest.
Citation
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General comment No. 25 (2021) - on children’s rights in relation to the digital environment, CRC/C/GC/25, (2021), Par. 59. Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC/C/GC/25&Lang=en